<p><span>Adaptation to climate change is an inevitable challenge in many regions. In our study area, which is located in the state of Brandenburg in </span><span>e</span><span>astern Germany, land use is increasingly affected by long-lasting soil moisture deficits in the vegetation period. It is therefore important to implement measures for water retention at the landscape scale that postpone and mitigate the severity of these drought periods. Our objective is to identify cost-effective measures in a manner that maximi</span><span>z</span><span>es expected ecological benefits for </span><span>available </span><span>budgets. For this purpose, we combine a scientific analysis of the </span><span>determinants</span><span> of land surface temperature with site-specific cost calculations. </span></p><p><span>The distribution of land surface temperature serves as a proxy for environmental conditions that favor water retention and, as a consequence, provide a certain cooling effect during hot and dry periods. Landsat thermal images from the vegetation seasons of 2013 to 2020 were rescaled (min-max normalization) and used as the response variable for a Bayesian </span><span>multilevel</span><span> model. Several parameters of the physical environment such as land cover, forest and crop type, soil water holding capacity, canopy cover and degree of soil sealing were used as explanatory variables. In addition, an antecedent moisture index and potential evapotranspiration at time of satellite overpass were incorporated into the model. First results highlight the importance of land </span><span>use</span><span> and canopy cover for land surface temperature </span><span>distribution</span><span>. In general, the analysis enables the identification of overheated landscapes. Moreover, model predictions after </span><span>hypothetical </span><span>implementation of adaptation measures provide a</span><span>n ecological</span><span> benefit assessment based on the cooling capacities. We also </span><span>determine</span><span> the costs of the different measures in a spatially differentiated manner. An integrated modeling procedure combines </span><span>the </span><span>results from the </span><span>ecological and economic assessments</span><span>.</span></p><p><span>In this contribution, we will present the results of the Bayesian modeling and discuss a first example of the cost-effectiveness analysis in an agricultural landscape.</span></p>
Human endeavours are indebted to become more sustainable and self-sustained. One popular activity (or domain) has huge potential for major progress in sustainability in the short term, namely tourism. When receiving services, tourists interact directly with other humans who reside at their holiday destination, and tourists are typically receptive to their surroundings. This in itself is conducive to flexibility and convergence in the roles of tourism service-providers and recipients. Such a convergence of opportunities equates to individual temporal compensation and permeability within the distribution of roles. That may lead to more equality in people's personal lives, and may be the key feature for tackling social and environmental problems in tourism, and to increasing sustainability. Thus, via convergence, tourism could become more equitable. In global agriculture it is the other way round: via the preservation and enhancement of divergence, agricultural practices could be more appropriately arranged alongside natural habitats, to achieve greater spatial sustainability all round.
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