Sinta Mukti Permatasari, dkk: Estimasi asupan indeks glikemik dan beban glikemik dengan kontrol gula darah pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 Estimasi asupan indeks glikemik dan beban glikemik dengan kontrol gula darah pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 Estimated dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with blood sugar control patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract:Metabolic syndrome and depression are two major diseases over the world, which are increasing in prevalence over time. Depression is a major mental health burden over the world. In long time, depression can lead to metabolic syndrome, while metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for developing depression. Metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Chronic stress induced by psychosocial stressor leads to the development of both metabolic syndrome and depression. Further research is important to identify which type of psychosocial stressor is the risk factor for depressive symptom in patients with metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study is to identify the type of psychosocial stressor which could be the risk factor for depressive symptom. The study design was case control. The case group consisted of metabolic syndrome patients with depressive symptom, while the control group consisted of metabolic syndrome patients without depressive symptom. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Depressive symptom was measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Psychosocial stressors were measured by Stressful Life Events (SLE) questionnaire. Dependent variable was depressive symptom, while independent variables were type of psychosocial stressors (finance, work, social relationship, health and housing). Analysis methods that used in this study were independent t test, Pearson/ Spearman correlation analysis, chi square and logistic regression. There were 54 patients in this study, consisted of 24 in case group and 30 in control group. There was no significant difference in most basic characteristics between two groups. There was significant difference of SLE score between two groups. Chi square analysis showed that housing, finance, health, social relationship, and work stressors were risk factors for developing depressive symptom in metabolic syndrome (OR 24.5 (p 0.001); 9.7 (p 0.039); 8.4 (p 0.016); 5.4 (p 0.004); 3.9 (p 0.001), respectively). Demographic factor which also influenced depressive symptom was salary less than 1 million per month (OR 45, p 0.004). According to logistic regression analysis, psychosocial stressors which most influenced the depressive symptom were finance and housing. In conclusion, this study showed that housing, finance, health, social relationship and work stressors were risk factors for developing depressive symptom in metabolic syndrome.

Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Telmisartan and valsartan are angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs) that are often used in patients with metabolic syndrome and T2DM. This study aimed to compare the effect of valsartan and telmisartan in reducing insulin resistance on T2DM with hypertension. Patients of T2DM were open-label screened at the Endocrinology Policlinic,