Abstract-This work consists of two main components: (a) a longitudinal ethnographic study in Kyrgyzstan that demonstrates the importance of transportation resources in the developing world and how to plan for an appropriate ICT solution, and (b) the results of a proof-of-concept system engineered to create a bottom-up, transportation information infrastructure using only GPS and SMS. Transportation is a very important shared resource; enabling efficient and effective use of such resources aids overall development goals.The system, *bus, involved the development of a hardware device (a *box) containing a GSM modem and a GPS unit, that can be installed on a vehicle and used to track its location. The *box communicates via SMS with a server connected to a basic GSM phone. The server runs route a prediction algorithm and users can send SMS messages to the server to find when a bus will arrive at their location.The paper discusses the system and early testing, as well as the development implications for a range of urban and rural environments where transportation is scarce or inefficient, and where a central authority or institution is not in a position to provide robust information resources for users. We describe how the solution is also situated within technology usage patterns common to the developing world.
We introduce and study trigger querying. Given a model M and a temporal behavior ϕ, trigger querying is the problem of finding the set of scenarios that trigger ϕ in M . That is, if a computation of M has a prefix that follows the scenario, then its suffix satisfies ϕ. Trigger querying enables one to find, for example, given a program with a function f , the scenarios that lead to calling f with some parameter value, or to find, given a hardware design with signal err, the scenarios after which the signal err ought to be eventually raised.We formalize trigger querying using the temporal operator → (triggers), which is the most useful operator in modern industrial specification languages. A regular expression r triggers an LTL formula ϕ in a system M , denoted M |= r → ϕ, if for every computation π of M and index i ≥ 0, if the prefix of π up to position i is a word in the language of r, then the suffix of π from position i satisfies ϕ. The solution to the trigger query M |=? → ϕ is the maximal regular expression that triggers ϕ in M . Trigger querying is useful for studying systems, and it significantly extends the practicality of traditional query checking [6]. Indeed, in traditional query checking, solutions are restricted to propositional assertions about states of the systems, whereas in our setting the solutions are temporal scenarios.We show that the solution to a trigger query M |=? → ϕ is regular, and can be computed in polynomial space. Unfortunately, the polynomial-space complexity is in the size of M . Consequently, we also study partial trigger querying, which returns a (non empty) subset of the solution, and is more feasible. Other extensions we study are observable trigger querying, where the partial solution has to refer only to a subset of the atomic propositions, constrained trigger querying, where in addition to M and ϕ, the user provides a regular constraint c and the solution is the set of scenarios respecting c that trigger ϕ in M , and relevant trigger querying, which excludes vacuous triggersscenarios that are not induced by a prefix of a computation of M . Trigger querying can be viewed as the problem of finding sufficient conditions for a behavior ϕ in M . We also consider the dual problem, of finding necessary conditions to ϕ, and show that it can be solved in space complexity that is only logarithmic in M .
(1) Alkaline phosphatases were present in all subcellular fractions obtained by ultracentrifugation of all the tissues examined. (2) The highest specific activities (mU/mg protein) were found in the microsomal fractions, the lowest in the supernatant, with the exception of the mammary tumour examined. (3) A different thermostability of the enzymes in the various fractions pointed to the presence of isoenzymes; a biphasic curve gave evidence of the simultaneous presence of at least two isoenzymes in some particulate structures. (4) There was no specific thermolabile pattern of alkaline phosphatases in the malignant tissues examined, assuming the method used is valid for establishing such differences.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel (Taxotere) in patients with progressive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, previously treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen, and the effect of the number of previous chemotherapy lines on response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival. Two-hundred and fifty-three patients from 10 hospitals in The Netherlands received docetaxel as part of a compassionate use program. The majority had received prior anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (84.2%). The recommended starting dose was 100 mg/m2 i.v. every 3 weeks. All patients received corticosteroid premedication. Two-hundred and thirty patients were evaluable for response. The overall response rates (ORR) to docetaxel when used as second-, third- or fourth-line treatment were, respectively, 40.2, 26.0 and 34.6% (p value 0.30). The median progression-free survival for this population was 4.9 months and the median overall survival of the whole group was 8.5 months, and both were not related to the number of previous chemotherapy regimens (p value, respectively, 0.71 and 0.16). The toxicity of docetaxel was manageable and neutropenia was the most frequently noted toxicity. This study confirms that docetaxel is an active cytotoxic agent in pretreated patients with progressive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer and is still active when used as third- or fourth-line treatment.
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