Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the structural and external validity of the recently developed Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB), scrutinising the parcelling approach used by Waterman and colleagues to confirm the unidimensional structure of the scale. Method: A multicultural South African student sample (n = 325) was used. Parceland item-level confirmatory factor analysis and item-level exploratory factor analysis were conducted to explore the scale's structural validity. External validity was examined via attenuation corrected correlations with scores on criterion measures. Results:On parcel-level a one-dimensional structure fitted well, but since the assumption of unidimensional parcels was violated, the use of parcelling was contraindicated. Item-level analyses revealed a multidimensional factor structure. The scale showed good convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions: The QEWB shows potential for future use, given that the multidimensionality of the scale is acknowledged. Some items may need revision.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a 10-week multicomponent PPI, the Inspired Life Program (ILP), in promoting the mental health and reducing self-reported symptoms of depression and negative affect in a non-clinical, rural Ghanaian adult sample. Although previous research has examined group-based well-being interventions in developing countries (e.g. Bonthuys, Botha, Nienaber, Freeka, & Kruger, 2011; Rugira et al., 2015; Teodorczuk et al., 2019; Van Zyl & Rothmann, 2012), as far as can be established, there is a lack of research examining the effectiveness of a PPI group-based intervention model in Ghana. The ILP differs from the existing PPI programs in that it offers a multicomponent PPI (mPPI) at a group level for a rural poor, non-English speaking sample. Given that a group-based model is more cost-effective (since the costs of mental health professionals are distributed across several people, rather than a single individual), a successful intervention could have important policy implications, in that it would offer a cheaper alternative to delivering mental health improvements. Nonetheless, there is ample evidence to support both individualized (e.g.

The Mental Health Continuum Short Form measures both the private and public aspects of overall positive mental health. This study explored the factor structure of English (n = 324), Afrikaans (n = 476), and Setswana (n = 258) versions of the scale among culturally diverse South African students. A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling model displayed superior fit, with the overall scale but not the subscales attaining sufficient reliability. The “social integration” and “social contribution” items appeared to provide a better representation of overall mental health (and psychological well-being for social integration) than the intended social well-being dimension, and the psychological well-being items mainly represented general mental health in the African group. These findings suggest the need for a culturally sensitive clarification of the private to public continuum in the conceptualization and manifestation of eudaimonic well-being. The scale exhibited partial scalar invariance across the groups.

Qualitative studies of lay people's perspectives on facets of well-being are scarce, and it is not known how the perspectives of people with high and low levels of well-being dovetail or differ. This research explored the experiences of people with high/flourishing versus low/languishing levels of positive mental health in three cross-sectional survey design studies. Languishing and flourishing participants were selected in each study based on quantitative data from the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form as reported by Keyes et al. (Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43:207-222, 2002). Qualitative content analyses were conducted on written responses to semistructured open-ended questions on the what and why of important meaningful things (study 1, n = 42), goals (study 2, n = 30), and relationships (study 3, n = 50). Results indicated that well-being is not only a matter of degree-manifestations differ qualitatively in flourishing and languishing states. Similar categories emerged for what flourishing and languishing people found important with regard to meaning, goals, and relationships, but the reasons for the importance thereof differed prominently. Languishing people manifested a self-focus and often motivated responses in terms of own needs and hedonic values such as own happiness, whereas flourishers were more other-focused and motivated responses in terms of eudaimonic values focusing on a greater good. We propose that positive mental health can be conceptualized in terms of dynamic quantitative and qualitative patterns of well-being. Interventions to promote well-being may need to take into account the patterns of wellbeing reflecting what people on various levels of well-being experience and value.

Background Mental health is considered an integral part of human health. Reliable and valid measurement instruments are needed to assess various facets of mental health in the native language of the people involved. This paper reports on five studies examining evidence for the factorial validity of the Twi versions of five mental health and well-being measurement instruments: Affectometer-2 (AFM-2); Automatic Thought Questionnaire–Positive (ATQ-P); Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSEs); Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in a rural Ghanaian adult sample. Method Measures were translated and evaluated using a research-committee approach, pilot-tested, and administered to adults ( N = 444) randomly selected from four rural poor communities in Ghana. We applied confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bifactor CFA, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and bifactor ESEM to the AFM-2, ATQ-P, and the PHQ-9, and CFA to the GSEs and the SWLS. The omega coefficient of composite reliability was computed for each measure. Results A two-factor bifactor ESEM model displayed superior model fit for the AFM-2. The total scale and the Negative Affect subscale, but not the Positive Affect subscale, attained sufficient reliability. Two models (a four-factor 22-item bifactor ESEM model and a 5-factor 22-item ESEM model) fitted the data best for the ATQ-P. The bifactor ESEM model displayed a high reliability value for the total scale and satisfactory reliability values for three of its four subscales. For the GSEs, a one-factor CFA model (residuals of items 4 and 5 correlated) demonstrated superior model fit with a high reliability score for the total scale. A two-factor ESEM model outperformed all other models fitted for the PHQ-9, with moderate and satisfactory reliability scores for the subscales. A one-factor CFA model (residuals of item 4 and 5 correlated) demonstrated superior model fit for the SWLS, with a satisfactory reliability value for the total scale. Conclusions Findings established evidence for the factorial validity of the Twi versions of all five measures, with the global scores, but not all subscale scores, demonstrating satisfactory reliability. These validated measurement instruments can be used to assess mental health and well-being in the research and practice contexts of the current sample.