This study examines the trends and differences in agricultural productivity growth in China and India. It also looks at the relationship between land reform and productivity changes in the two nations. It compares the rate of change in productivities and ascertains the contributions of land, labor, livestock, machinery, fertilizer, technology and productivity growth. The results indicate strong upward trends in labor productivity and land productivity during 1960-83 but a downward trend in total factor productivity in the 1960s and 1970s. Although the two countries achieved positive growth of total factor productivity in the late 1970s, the divergence between partial and total factor productivity continued. This study also indicates that technical change made little net contribution to agricultural productivity growth. It suggests that inefficiency and an unbalanced cost structure are embodied in both agricultural systems. It concludes that land reform per se should not be viewed as the panacea for agrarian problems.Dans la pksente Ctude, nous nous penchons sur les tendances et sur les diffkrences observCes dans la croissance de la productivite agricole en Chine et en Inde. Nous examinons Cgalement les rapports qui existent entre la kforme agraire et les changements dans la pro-ductivit6 de ces deux pays. Nous comparons les taux de changement de productivitC et nous dhterminons le r6le jouC par la terre, la main-d'oeuvre, le Mtail, la machinerie, les engrais et la technologie dans la croissance de la productivitk. Les ksultats laissent constater une forte tendance i la hausse de la productivitk de la main-d'oeuvre et de la productivitk des terres au cours de la $riode de 1960 B 1983, mais une tendance 3 la baisse de la productivitk globale des facteurs au cours des annCes 1960 et 1970. MCme si les deux pays ont connu une croissance positive de la productivite globale des facteurs B la fin des annCes 1970, 1'Ccart entre la productivitC partielle et la productivitC globale des facteurs s'est creuse. Notre etude laisse Cgalement conclure que les changements technologiques ont peu influC sur la croissance de la productivit6 agricole. Cette constatation donne B penser que l'inef-ficaciti5 et une structure de coclts dCsCquilibke sont des caractkristiques inhCrentes des sys-t2mes agricoles de ces deux pays. Nous concluons que la kforme agraire ne devrait pas Ctre considCrCe c o m e une panacCe contre les probkmes d'agriculture.
This article examines the distributive effect of expanding the Minnesota sales tax Abstract base to include additional consumption items. Two indexes, Kakwani and the Suits, are calculated for the existing sales tax base and expansion options. The indexes consistently indicate that the existing tax base is regressive, as are the major base expansion items. Effective tax rates indicate that expanding the sales tax will widen the burden gap between low-income and high-income taxpayers. The aggregate property of the Kakwani and Suits indexes is used to examine the overall distributive effect of sales tax and other tax systems.
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