Renewable energy is the energy produced from renewable resources replenished naturally on a human scale from sources: sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat, etc. Renewable energy induces a negligible ecological footprint that is quite limited in the area of operation, while at the same time providing obvious ecological benefits and contributing to the sustainable development of human societies. Today in 2022, renewable energy sources are considered alternatives to fossil fuels because they contribute a lot to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but especially to the diversification of the energy supply and to the reduction of dependence on the market-s increasingly expensive fossil fuels (especially oil and gas). Romania produces energy from renewable sources with a much higher weight than the average of the EU, concomitantly it occupies a leading place among the countries dependent on coal to generate electricity. From 2020 the electricity supplied in Romania to final customers comes in a percentage of 54.53% from conventional sources and in the percentage of 45.47% from renewable sources. In other words, we believe that the European Green Pact will contribute in an important way to achieving climate neutrality by reducing carbon emissions produced by the energy sector because the EU's goal for the year 2050 is to achieve neutrality in the emission of greenhouse gases.
The current paper presents the way of carrying out the topographical works combined with the design of the redevelopment of a recreation park in a crowded urban area of the municipality of Timisoara. The aim of the work was to create a topographical plan using the AutoCad, and Autodesk Map programs in order to draw up the architectural landscape redevelopment plan. The multitude of the block of flats located in the Calea Girocului neighborhood, makes the lack of green spaces acutely felt by the residents. For this reason, the park is very important, it is practically a green island in a sea of concrete. To identify the limits and points in the field, of the leveling, which is the subject of this documentation, a topographic survey of the area was carried out, using the Leica TCR- 407 Total Station and the SOUTH S82V GPS in RTK mode. Also, the method and stages of deployment, in the field and in the office, with the help of specialized computer programs, were presented in detail. Thus, at the completion of the work, the most relevant data were made available to the beneficiary, in order to redevelop and modernize the objective proposed by the "Strategy for the development of green spaces of the Municipality of Timisoara" by the Timisoara City Hall.
The theme of the work aimed to present a model of drawing up and carrying out a drawing work for collective constructions in order to build a building with a ground floor + 1st floor + attic. This project has been approved by the City Hall of Timisoara, Romania. The purpose of the work was to identify and execute a topographic elevation, to draw and track the horizontality and verticality of the building for each level (ground floor, floor, attic). The work was completed with the preparation of a cadastral documentation that includes the tabulation of the construction and the division into apartments of the building, being a collective dwelling with several beneficiaries. It was designed to be a construction type with a height regime GF+1F+A included in the land book 441649 from the database of the municipality of Timisoara. The building will have 4 housing units per level: ground floor, 1st floor and attic, each with 4 apartments. The structure of the building is made of 25 cm brick, with an exterior insulation of 10 cm, and the roof will be made on a wooden structure covered with metal tile. Due to the small tolerances admitted by the builder in drawing the axes and bolts, it was absolutely necessary to perform specialized works to identify the land, to execute the topographic elevations in order to draw up the situation plan and, subsequently, to place the future construction according to the distances approved by the urbanism certificate and building permit. This type of works requires a large volume of work both in the preliminary phase and in the execution phase: measuring large areas of land and raising all the details of planimetry and relief.
In a common understanding, tailings dumps are represented as categories of engineering constructions where mined underground rocks are stored together with the useful rock represented by underground coal. And the position of tailings dumps, ordinarily, is on the land around the mining operations. For their location, land is chosen that determines the minimum impact on the environment and requires some of the lowest waste disposal costs. Considering that our world is in a continuous ascension, new techniques and methods are present in many fields of engineering, presenting themselves as a modern approach to the conservation, and the greening of the affected areas. In order for greening to be found in the main purpose of the study, it is necessary to arrange, geometrize, weed, and forest the storage area on the studied surface of 3.68 ha. Thus, for better coordination of the works, for aerial determinations a UAV type equipment, namely a Phantom 4 drone, and for ground determinations of the outline of the tailings dump and reference points, a GPS equipment, model Leica GS08, RTK method was used. Such a combination between satellite and photogrammetric methods; led to the creation of a 3D model as true to reality as possible that will be fundamental in the process of afforestation of the tailings dump.
The Cri?ul-Alb River springs from the Apuseni mountains, and its course crosses many rural and urban towns. In the Cri?ul Alb hollow, there are several tributaries that have a significant contribution to the volume and water flow of the Cri?ul Alb River. Due to the abundant precipitation combined with the melting of the snow during the spring period, high levels of water flow are created, endangering human settlements and other goods isolated by their flooding. The aim of the paper was to present a topographic study that would be the basis for the subsequent preparation of a complex hydrological study. This is the basis of a project to repair the breach as a result of the rupture of the body of the dam, following the high levels of flowing water. By optimizing the flow at high flows, the color of the flow is created through measures to reduce the roughness, to highlight the active erosions from the banks, in the minor bed or in the major bed of the Cri?ul Alb River. The paper also presents the method of carrying out some topographical measurements in the bed of the Cri?ul Alb River, in the area located north of the town of ?ipari, between the CSA terminals with numbers 5 and 43, and the processing of the respective measurements in order to draw up transversal profiles through the bed and a longitudinal profile on the respective portion.
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