The investigated ecological glasses with no toxic compounds, such as BaO, PbO, As2O3, As2O5, fluorine, CdS and CdSe in their composition are located in ternary and quaternary oxide systems: ZnO-SiO2-TiO2 and SiO2-R'2O-R''O-R'''O2, where R' is Na or K, R'' is Ca or Mg and R''' is Zr or Ti. The first system contains P2O5, ZnO and TiO2 in order to obtain opal glasses, without fluorine compounds. The second system replaces the barium oxide and lead oxide with potassium, magnesium, zirconium and titanium oxides, for materials like lead free crystals. The raw materials can be replaced by silicate or borosilicate glass waste. The advantages of borosilicate glass waste are: bringing valuable components into recipes (B2O3, CaO, Al2O3), saving raw materials and energy, creating an ecological environment The characteristic temperatures (vitreous transition point, low and high annealing points, softening point) and the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass are presented. The FTIR and Raman spectroscopy provided structural data, such as characteristic vibration maxima for silicon and titanium oxide, and revealed the role of zinc oxide in the vitreous network. The refraction index and UV-VIS transmission are discussed.
The paper presents a study of the industrial waste incorporating in glass in order to obtain decorative colored glasses. The influence of iron and chromium oxides from waste amount is discussed. The samples properties such as density, thermal expansion coefficient and viscosity are investigated. Including different oxides of heavy metals (obtained from sludge that contains chromium and iron) into the vitreous system leads to the obtaining of several decorative glasses. Their colour varies widely, to the added quantity and the atmosphere of the work place.
The paper follows both the national preservation and durable managing policy, as well as the European laws for the area of environmental protection (UE’s Directive 1999/31/EC – „landfill of waste” an the Council’s Directive no. 94/62/CE regarding the packaging and the packaging waste, amended by the Council’s Directive no. 2004/12/CE). The proposed technologies lead to reducing the need of both raw materials and energy in the process of obtaining various types of glass. The study proposes new ways of retrieving and eliminating waste that contains heavy metals alongside borosilicate shards. This paper also aims to increase the responsibility of the waste generating companies and to make the potential users more sensible.
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