Despite significant developments in optical imaging of superoxide anion (O2(•-)) as the preliminary reactive oxygen species, novel visualizing strategies that offer ultrahigh sensitivity are still imperative. This is mainly because intrinsic concentrations of O2(•-) are extremely low in living systems. Herein, we present the rational design and construction of a new polymer nanoprobe PCLA-O2(•-) for detecting O2(•-) based on chemiluminescence (CL) resonance energy transfer without an external excitation source. Structurally, PCLA-O2(•-) contains two moieties linked covalently, namely imidazopyrazinone that is capable of CL triggered by O2(•-) as the energy donor and conjugated polymers with light-amplifying property as the energy acceptor. Experiment results demonstrate that PCLA-O2(•-) exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity at the picomole level, dramatically prolonged luminescence time, specificity, and excellent biocompatibility. Without exogenous stimulation, this probe for the first time in situ visualizes O2(•-) level differences between normal and tumor tissues of mice. These exceptional features ensure that PCLA-O2(•-) as a self-luminescing probe is an alternative in vivo imaging approach for ultralow level O2(•-).
Background
Metabolic syndrome severity, expressed by the continuous metabolic syndrome risk score (MetS score), has been demonstrated to be able to predict future health conditions. However, little is known about the association between MetS score and renal function.
Methods
A total of 22,719 participants with normal renal function abstracted from the Kailuan Study were followed from 2006 to 2016. The new onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria >300 mg/dl. Progressive decline in renal function was defined as an annual change rate of eGFR below the 10th percentile of the whole population.
Results
In the multivariate‐adjusted model, we found that the risk of progressive decline in renal function increased consistently with the MetS score, with an odds ratio of 1.49 (95% CI, 1.28, 1.73) for those subjects>75th percentile compared with those <25th percentile. Additionally, a high MetS score was found to be associated with an increased risk of CKD, with a hazard ratio of 1.53 (95% CI, 1.33, 1.78) for subjects >75th percentile compared with those <25th percentile.
Conclusions
Our findings suggested that the MetS score was associated with an increased risk of a progressive decline in renal function and was also a strong and independent risk factor for the development of CKD. These findings provide evidence of the potential clinical utility of the MetS score for assessing metabolic syndrome severity to detect the risk of decreased renal function and CKD.
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