Tensile tests were conducted on the aluminum alloy, AA6111, after various artificial aging treatments in order to examine the influence of precipitation state on yield stress and work-hardening behavior. During artificial aging, significant changes in the work-hardening rate were observed as the precipitation reaction proceeded. A semiempirical model has been developed to interpret these changes in workhardening rate. This model shows that the significant changes in work-hardening rate can be related to the manner in which flow stress contributions from different obstacles are summed and the transition from shearable to nonshearable precipitates. The present study presents a new approach to determining the shearable/nonshearable transition from a series of tensile tests. Results on the aluminum alloy AA7030 were also found to be consistent with the proposed theoretical framework. Finally, the proposed model allows the overall mechanical response for a variety of aging conditions to be rationalized.
Supercapacitors (SCs) offer broad possibilities in the rising domain of military and civilian owing to their intrinsic properties of superior power density, long lifetime, and safety features. Despite of low-cost, facile manufacture, and time-saving, 3D printing technology unleashes the potential of SCs in terms of achieving desirable capacitance with high mass loading, fabrication of welldesigned complicated structures, and direct construction of on-chip integration systems. In this review, first, the representative printing technologies for SCs and advanced printable materials are scrutinized for SCs and advanced printable materials. Then the structure design principles of electrodes and devices are respectively highlighted and reported cases are systematically summarized. Next, configurations of the SCs and their applications in various areas are described in detail. Finally, the promising research directions for the future are discussed. The perspectives reviewed here are expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of 3D-printed SCs and guidance in realizing their promise in various applications.
Abundant and ubiquitous thermal called low-grade heat (<150 oC) are wasted in our surroundings owing to lack of effective and low-cost energy technologies. Thermo-electrochemical cells (TECs), mainly containing thermogalvanic cells...
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