Slope failure has become a major concern in Malaysia due to the rapid development and urbanisation in the country. It poses severe threats to any highway construction industry, residential areas, natural resources and tourism activities. The extent of damages that resulted from this catastrophe can be lessened if a long-term early warning system to predict landslide prone areas is implemented. Thus, this study aims to characterise the relationship between Oxisols properties and soil colour variables to be manipulated as key indicators to forecast shallow slope failure. The concentration of each soil property in slope soil was evaluated from two different localities that consist of 120 soil samples from stable and unstable slopes located along the North-South Highway (PLUS) and East-West Highway (LPT). Analysis of variance established highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the locations, the total organic carbon (TOC), soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture, soil chromaticity and all combinations of interactions. The overall CIELAB analysis leads to the conclusion that the CIELAB variables lightness L*, c* (Chroma) and h* (Hue) provide the most information about soil colour and other related soil properties. With regard to the relationship between colour variables and soil properties, the analysis detected that soil texture, organic carbon, iron oxide and aluminium concentration were the key factors that strongly correlate with soil colour variables at the studied area. Indicators that could be used to predict shallow slope failure were high value of L*(62), low values of c* (20) and h* (66), low concentration of iron (53 mg kg) and aluminium oxide (37 mg kg), low soil TOC (0.5%), low CEC (3.6 cmol/kg), slightly acidic soil pH (4.9), high amount of sand fraction (68%) and low amount of clay fraction (20%).
The soil is a transmitted agent of water run-off to the water body. Variety of soil type in Malaysia has contributed to the difference of soil properties dissolved in the water and the concern of soil problem in Malaysia involving from laterite, sandy, acid sulfate and organic soil type. Soil properties are one of the subjects of impacting the hydrological composition through transportation of physic chemicals properties that bring all compound result on water quality. Thus, this research aimed to identify the influences of laterite soil towards physico-chemicals properties and heavy metals concentration in an urban lake. The study was conducted at 10 site studies located at the laterite soil area by evaluating physico-chemical properties and heavy metals concentrations by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results established the significant physico-chemical and heavy metal variables that strongly associated with laterite soil urban lake are high value in biological oxygen demand (62.8 mg/L), chemicals oxygen demand (15.87 mg/L), NH 3 -N(0.58 mg/L), total suspended solids (59.27 mg/L), slightly acidic of pH (6.62) and for heavy metals three elements found dominants in water samples such as Fe (0.49 mg/L), Al (0.24 mg/L) and Mn (0.05 mg/L).The laterite soil samples were dominated by clay (36.1%) whereas the composition of heavy metals concentration was found high in Fe (676.25 mg/L), Al (563.13 mg/L), and Mn (1.82 mg/L). The significant outcome of this study can be used as key tools indicator for monitoring urban lakes status and indices.
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