Schlieren photography of gallstones and models of gallstones made from amorphous substances has demonstrated that acoustic shadowing depends primarily on the orientation of the surface of the stone in relation to the sound beam, not the composition of the stone.
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of repetitive strain injury (RSI) is subjective and solely based on clinical signs and physical examination. The aim of this paper was to assess the usefulness of three-phase bone scintigraphy (TPBS) in diagnosing RSI. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study at the Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS: Seventy-three patients (mean age 31.2 years; 47 males) with clinical suspicion of RSI in the upper limbs were studied. A total of 127 joints with suspicion of RSI were studied. The shoulders, elbows and wrists were analyzed semi-quantitatively, using the shafts of the humeri and ulnae as references. The results were compared with a control group of 40 normal individuals. The patients’ signs and symptoms were used as the "gold standard" for calculating the probabilities. RESULTS: From visual analysis, abnormalities were observed in the flow phase for four joints, in the blood pool phase for 11 joints and in the delayed images for 26 joints. Visual analysis of the joints of the control group did not show any abnormalities. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that most of the patients’ joint ratios were normal. The exceptions were the wrists of patients with left-sided RSI (p = 0.0216). However, the sensitivity (9%) and accuracy (41%) were very low. CONCLUSION: TPBS with semi-quantitative analysis has very low sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of RSI abnormalities in the upper limbs.
RESUMOJustificativa e Objetivos: Neutropenia étnica benigna é uma condição caracterizada por uma redução da contagem dos neutrófilos abaixo de 1.500/mm³ na circulação sanguínea, estando ausentes as causas secundárias, adquiridas ou congênitas. Ocorre, principalmente, em populações negras e seus descendentes, não apresentando problemas recorrentes de infecção.Diversos trabalhos realizados, ao redor do tema em outros Países, em que a etnia negra é importante na composição populacional, como no Brasil, mostra à importância do conhecimento da neutropenia étnica.A proposta do presente estudo foi investigar a prevalência de neutropenia étnica benigna, no meio de uma população trabalhadora, aparentemente saudável, sendo realizado em um Hospital de grande porte na cidade de São Paulo-Brasil.Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, envolvendo 347 voluntários, que estavam dentro dos critérios de inclusão do estudo. Resultados: Os dados deste trabalho demonstram que entre os trabalhadores estudados, 9 (2,59%) apresentaram critérios diagnósticos para neutropenia étnica benigna.Relativamente em relação aos brancos participantes, os negros, pardos e amarelos apresentaram menor contagem de neutrófilos.Conclusão: Levandose em consideração o aspecto racial, este estudo mostra que pessoas negras e seus descendentes podem apresentar uma diminuição na contagem de neutrófilos, sem predisposição a infecções.
Introduction How do medical students, who have self-criticism of being procrastinators of their study obligations, deal psychologically with daily tasks? The experience of procrastination by those who are considered high-performance students involves resources of mental health to cope with guilt, exhaustion, or even self-sabotage. According to MeSH used by PubMed, procrastination is ‘the deferment of actions or tasks to a later time, or to infinity’. Objectives To explore the psychological meanings that medical students attribute to procrastination phenomena to better understand how they handle the usual curriculum overload. Methods Clinical-qualitative design. Sample of 13 participants closed by information saturation with 2nd, 3rd, 4th-year students. Semi-directed interviews with open-ended questions in-depth. Clinical-qualitative content analysis, free-floating readings with psychodynamic concepts. Results were validated by peers at the Laboratory of Clinical-Qualitative Research. Results Emergent categories: 1) between procrastination and despair: the process of stress in procrastination; 2) a proving mechanism: procrastination as an emotional defense; 3) a very delicate rumination: between procrastination and mere delay, an emotional dilemma; 4) this conflict is painful: the confrontation between the desire to comply with tasks with excellence and the enjoyment of life. Conclusions Procrastination is reported by students as a source of great tension generated by opposing forces and desires, in which exhaustion is eventually reached. There are emotional contradictions related to guilt for leaving tasks to the last moment and the need to live other things besides doing academic tasks. Procrastination is a message-metaphor. It is important that institutions listen to students to understand what procrastination is saying about them. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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