BackgroundObesity is a chronic disease associated to an inflammatory process resulting in oxidative stress that leads to morpho-functional microvascular damage that could be improved by some dietary interventions. In this study, the intake of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), composed of bioactive substances like selenium, α- e γ- tocopherol, folate and polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been investigated on antioxidant capacity, lipid and metabolic profiles and nutritive skin microcirculation in obese adolescents.MethodsObese female adolescents (n = 17), 15.4 ± 2.0 years and BMI of 35.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2, were randomized 1:1 in two groups with the diet supplemented either with Brazil nuts [BNG, n = 08, 15-25 g/day (equivalent to 3 to 5 units/day)] or placebo [PG (lactose), n = 09, one capsule/day] and followed for 16 weeks. Anthropometry, metabolic-lipid profiles, oxidative stress and morphological (capillary diameters) and functional [functional capillary density, red blood cell velocity (RBCV) at baseline and peak (RBCVmax) and time (TRBCVmax) to reach it during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, after 1 min arterial occlusion] microvascular variables were assessed by nailfold videocapillaroscopy at baseline (T0) and after intervention (T1).ResultsT0 characteristics were similar between groups. At T1, BNG (intra-group variation) had increased selenium levels (p = 0.02), RBCV (p = 0.03) and RBCVmax (p = 0.03) and reduced total (TC) (p = 0.02) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.02). Compared to PG, Brazil nuts intake reduced TC (p = 0.003), triglycerides (p = 0.05) and LDL-ox (p = 0.02) and increased RBCV (p = 0.03).ConclusionBrazil nuts intake improved the lipid profile and microvascular function in obese adolescents, possibly due to its high level of unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive substances.Trial RegistrationClinical Trials.gov NCT00937599

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Although limited, results from controlled trials suggest that PA intervention may improve physical fitness and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents who are overweight or obese.

RT alone improved endothelial function, hemodynamic and metabolic profiles, body composition, and physical fitness in nondiabetic obese adolescents regardless of changes in body mass.

It is speculated that exercise training decreases resting levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and C-reactive protein (CRP); reduces body mass and leptin (LP); and increases adiponectin (AD) and insulin sensitivity. This systematic review analyzed the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) longitudinal clinical studies on AD, LP, CRP and TNF-alpha. Seventeen studies were included and the majority of randomized controlled trials support that RT produces increases in AD, and decreases in both LP and CRP. Greater responses in AD and LP were evident in overweight and obese individuals; while RT appeared to be effective in reducing CRP in obese individuals, and older adults. Additionally, women may be more responsive to RT effects on AD, LP and CRP. Training duration and intensity may affect the response of AD and CRP with greater responses shown with 16 weeks or more of training and/or with intensities greater than 80% of one repetition maximum. No response to RT of TNF-alpha levels was apparent. Although based on a limited number of studies, some of which are uncontrolled non-randomized in design, our review suggests some positive effects of RT programs on cytokine levels, but specifics of the responses in different populations need further elucidation.

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RT attenuated CAdyfs and BP in obese adolescents, by increasing parasympathetic activity and decreasing sympatho-vagal balance.

Objective: Capillary recruitment is impaired in obesity (OB), possibly worsening glucose and insulin availability to target organs. In this study, we investigated whether functional microvascular parameters were correlated with clinical-anthropometrical data and whether these parameters would influence OB-related metabolic disorders, especially glucose homeostasis, in young overweight (OW)/obese women. Design: Cross-sectional clinical study of microvascular reactivity in young OW/obese women. Subjects and methods: A total of 10 lean (23.1 ± 3.2 years, body mass index (BMI) 22.3 ± 1.6 kg m À2 ) and 42 OW/obese (24.9±3.5 years; BMI 34.5±5.7 (25.7-46.5) kg m À2 ) sedentary non-smoking women were evaluated. Lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (PG), post-load PG (75 g-2 h), insulin, C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance) index and anthropometric variables (weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure (BP)) were determined. Functional microvascular parameters (functional capillary density, red blood cell velocity at baseline and peak (RBCV max ), and time taken to reach RBCV max (TRBCV max ) during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia after 1 min arterial occlusion) were evaluated by nailfold videocapillaroscopy. Results: The time taken to reach RBCV max was significantly longer in OW/obese patients compared with control subjects (8.6±2.4 versus 5.7±1.1 s, Po0.001), and its delay was directly associated with adiposity levels, systolic BP and insulin resistance, and inversely related to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Post-load PG could be correlated with TRBCV max (R ¼ 0.48, Po0.05) and RBCV max (R ¼ À0.29, Po0.05), and it was influenced by weight, waist circumference and TRBCV max (adjusted R 2 ¼ 24%) as well. Conclusions: In the investigated group of young OW/obese women, the direct correlation between post-load PG and TRBCV max links microvascular parameters with metabolic variables and suggests a key role for microcirculation in OB-related metabolic disorders.