Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conventional approach to advanced manufacturing initiatives. Buzzwords like smart manufacturing or industrie 4.0 are directly linked to the discussions about the future of industrial activity. Little is said, however, about developed countries actively reinforcing their bets on the relevance of manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach This study opted for analyzing academic papers and governmental white papers. Somehow similar to those studies on compared experiences, here the US and German initiatives are put into perspective. Findings The critical interpretation of several works allows us to state that advanced manufacturing experiences consist in a set of policies aiming at industrial and technological leadership in a scenario of fierce competition. The initiatives seek to strengthen manufacturing activities by means of a mission-oriented approach, fostering enabling key technologies. Originality/value This paper fulfills an identified need to critically study the advanced manufacturing initiatives. Away from conventional approaches, the paper puts into perspectives the main ongoing initiatives on advanced manufacturing and interprets them as deliberated national efforts to strengthen manufacturing activities by means of enabling technologies. The paper also points out preliminary recommendations for Brazil.
AREA ENEI: 6.2. Políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação RESUMO Há uma conhecida literatura que aborda que diversos países, notadamente os países centrais, passaram ou vem passando por uma perda de seus tecidos industriais nas últimas décadas. Por outro lado, é necessário reconhecer que recentemente há um movimento de vários países no sentido de reforçar suas indústrias nacionais (reshoring), como a Indústria 4.0 na Alemanha e a Manufatura Avançada nos EUA. No Brasil não está sendo diferente, além da falta de competitividade da indústria nacional, e a consequente queda de participação desta no PIB, há iniciativas em andamento que buscam recuperar o setor e/ou desenvolver novos segmentos. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho contribui com um mapeamento sobre as principais tecnologias, e suas bases de conhecimento, com o potencial de absorção setorial para o Brasil e os entraves do ambiente institucional que o cerca. Desse modo, é possível conjugar tanto a política tecnológica como a política industrial em uma mesma ferramenta analítica. Tal mapeamento foi obtido por meio da aplicação de dois formulários junto a alguns especialistas e permitiu identificar, por exemplo, as bases de conhecimento mais transversais-"Manufatura Padrão e Avançada", "Eletrônica e Ótica Avançadas" e "Biotecnologia"-e os setores mais diversificados nas suas demandas tecnológicas-"Petróleo e Gás", "Complexo da Saúde" e "Aeroespacial e Defesa".
This article develops a critical assessment of the literature correlating the technological advances of Industry 4.0 to worsening conditions in unemployment and wage inequality. Some of the limits and inconsistencies of this literature are highlighted, particularly its inadequacy to explain contemporary movements of manufacturing and its social consequences. We then argue that an analysis based on post-Keynesian political economy seems more appropriate to studying the topic, since it underlines the importance of effective demand and political and international contexts in the determination of employment and wages. The article concludes by rejecting the mainstream hypothesis that correlates unemployment and/or inequality with technological progress.
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