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Introduction. Tahiti lime trees grafted on Rangpur lime grown in São Paulo State, Brazil, in subtropical climatic conditions, have a high level of vigor, poor tolerance to Phytophthora spp. and low productivity. Using Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa Flying Dragon rootstock which allows one to obtain dwarfed trees and high yields could solve this problem. Materials and methods. In an experiment set up in November 1994 in Brazil, the tree size, fruit production and quality of Tahiti lime grafted on trifoliate orange Flying Dragon were evaluated at four planting spaces: 4 m × 1 m (2 500 trees•ha-1); 4 m × 1.5 m (1 666 trees•ha-1); 4 m × 2 m (1 250 trees•ha-1) and 4 m × 2.5 m (1 000 trees•ha-1), in a randomized block design, with four trees per plot. The cultural practices did not include supplementary irrigation. Results. Trees planted in the 4 m × 1 m planting space had greater canopy diameters (2.75 m) than trees planted with the other planting spaces. Whatever the densities considered, tree height did not differ. Average fruit yield (1998 to 2000) was the greatest on the 4 m × 1 m planting space with 21.6 t•ha-1 , significantly differing from the 4 m × 2.5 m planting space with 13.1 t•ha-1. Fruit quality was affected by the plant planting space, but all the production was commercially acceptable. Discussion. The use of a high density planting of Tahiti lime grafted on P. trifoliata var. Flying Dragon would be of commercial interest, due to greater yields than trees in traditional cropping systems. Brazil / Citrus latifolia / rootstocks / dwarfs / density / yields Performance de la lime Tahiti greffée sur Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa Flying Dragon en fonction de quatre densités.

Foi instalado um experimento de seleção de porta-enxertos para a lima-ácida-'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia Tanaka), em dezembro de 1988, na Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro-SP, com o objetivo de conhecer seu comportamento e oferecer novas opções de plantio para as condições ecológicas semelhantes às daquela região. A variedade copa, originária do BAG-Citros do IAC, localizado no Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis-SP, é um clone nucelar de 'Tahiti', denominado IAC-5. Os porta-enxertos, que tiveram a mesma origem, foram: tangerinas-'Sunki' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka); 'Cleópatra'(Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.); 'Batangas' e 'Oneco' (Citrus reticulata Blanco); trifoliata-EEL (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.); limão-'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck); limão-'Volkameriano Catania 2' (Citrus volkameriana Tan. & Pasq.); tangelo-'Orlando' (C. reticulata Blanco x Citrus paradisi Macf.); citrumelo-'Swingle' (P. trifoliata Raf. X C.paradisi Macf.); citrange-'Morton' (P. trifoliata Raf. X C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) e laranja-'Caipira DAC' (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Com relação à produção, avaliada no período de 1991 a 1998, os porta-enxertos de melhor comportamento foram o tangelo-'Orlando', citrange-'Morton' e citrumelo-'Swingle'. As mais baixas produções ocorreram nos porta-enxertos de tangerina e de laranja-'Caipira DAC'. O limão-'Cravo' apresentou produção intermediária e proporcionou curta vida útil às plantas.

The pitaya is a plant that comes from America, and the yellow (Selenicereus) possibly comes from Colombia or Ecuador, but the red (Hylocereus) can be found in Mexico and Guatemala, Costa Rica and El Salvador. The pitayas belong to the Cactaceae family and there are two main commercial species: the one with red peel-Hylocereus undatus (Haw) Briton & Rose and the one with yellow peel-Selenicereus megalanthus (Schum ex. Vaupel, Moran). The first gender has other 25 species, some which are very similar to H. undatus. This one is known as pitaya of the red peel and has white pulp, while the yellow has yellow peel and white translucent pulp and bigger seeds. The red one with red pulp is the H.lemairei (Hook.) Britton &Rose. The basic description of H. undatus (red with white pulp) is the following: epiphyte plant, rupicolous or ramified terrestrial, with trigone branches, or branches with three wings, with a little more than 20cm of average length and 5 to 7cm of diameter, with lobes of 2.3cm of height, green or grayish, as it becomes older, due to the wax that covers it, with sharp, reconstructed and corneal edges. In the stalks there are areolas, from 2 to 3 cm of diameter, distant from 3 to 5cm among them, with 3 to 6 thorns each one, measuring 1 to 4mm, underwing with an expanded base in a bulb. The flowers are lateral, nocturne, measuring 20 to 35cm of length, white, complete, aromatized with the beginning of the night, when they are pollinated by insects. There are numerous stamens, and they were counted in a quantity superior than 800 in only one flower, arranged in two rows, around the pistil formed by 14 to 28 cream styles. The sepals are light green. The pollen is yellow and abundant. For the occurrence of the crossed pollination or self-pollination it is necessary that the flower opens, what happens at night, but its opening is preceded by several steps, that is: from 12 p.m. on there is a swelling of the flower bulb and the beginning of the anthers dehiscence. In the beginning of the night (after 7 p.m.), the floral opening happens, with the separation of the perianth and the bracts. At this stage the anthers are with its maximum dehiscence. The stigma lobes extend, but as there is a separation of the stigma stamens and as there can be a height difference of these organs, this makes it difficult for the self-pollination. At this phase, the low relative humidity and the insolation may influence the flower senescence, what happens in the beginning of the following morning. The red pitaya fruit develops rapidly and between 30 to 40 days after the fertilization it is ready to be harvested. In our conditions, as the flowering occurs between December and April, there can be fruits harvest in this period, due to the successive flowering periods. The yellow one takes up to 6 months to reach maturity. The pitaya adapts itself to certain conditions, such as in regions with temperatures ranging from 18 to 26 ºC, altitude from 0 up to 1850m above sea level, and annually rain periods from 1.200 to 1.500 mm; it prefers s...

As fruit trees generally have a large size, the production of small or even dwarf trees is of great interest for most of fruit crops. In this review, some of the main tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit trees that have small or even dwarfing cultivars are approached. The causes of dwarfism, although the use of dwarfing rootstocks, is the main theme of this review. The factors that affect the size of the fruit trees are also approached, as well the dwarf cultivars of banana, papaya and cashew, and the dwarf rootstocks for guava, mango, anonaceae, loquat, citrus, apple and peach trees.

Avaliou-se a influência de 16 porta-enxertos na produtividade, nas características físicas e químicas (sólidos solúveis totais-°Brix; acidez; ratio; porcentagem de suco; índice tecnológico e tamanho dos frutos) dos frutos da laranjeira 'Pêra' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] e na incidência e severidade da clorose variegada dos citros (CVC). O plantio do experimento foi realizado em julho de 1993, com espaçamento de 6,0 m entre linhas e 3,5 m entre plantas (476 plantas/ha). O experimento foi conduzido sem irrigação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, duas plantas por parcela, três repetições e 16 tratamentos, constituídos pelas seguintes cultivares porta-enxertos: tangerineira 'Sun Chu Sha Kat' (Citrus reticulata Blanco), tangerineira 'Pectinífera' (C. reticulata), 'Shekwasha' (C. depressa Hayata), tangerineira 'Pectinífera/Shekwasha' (C. depressa Hayata), tangerineira 'Batangas' (C. reticulata), tangerineira 'Oneco' (C. reticulata), citrangor [citrange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. x C. sinensis) x C. sinensis], citrandarin [C.sunki hort. Ex Tanaka) x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. cv. English, tangerineira 'Sunki' (C. sunki), tangerineira 'Suen-Kat' (C. sunki), tangerineira 'Nasnaran' (C. amblycarpa Ochse), tangerineira 'Venezuela' (C. reticulata), tangerineira Heen Naran (C. lycopersicaeformis hort. ex Tan. ), limoeiro 'Cravo' (C. limonia Osbeck) x tangerineira 'Cleópatra' (C. reshni hort ex Tanaka), limoeiro 'Cravo' (C. limonia), tangerineira 'Cleópatra' (C. reshni). A intensidade da clorose variegada dos citros variou em função dos porta-enxertos e não se relacionou com a produção de frutos até a quarta safra. Os porta-enxertos estudados, com exceção da tangerineira Nasnaran, proporcionaram qualidade e produções iniciais de frutos similares aos do limoeiro 'Cravo'.

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Avaliaram-se as qualidades física e química dos frutos de seis cultivares de carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.), propagadas pela Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, São Paulo, objetivando a obtenção de informações sobre a qualidade dos frutos produzidos nesta região. Foram utilizados frutos das cultivares Tean-ma, Fwang Tung, Arkin, Malásia, Golden Star e Nota-10. Os frutos foram analisados quanto à massa fresca, comprimento, largura, volume, porcentagem de suco, polpa e semente, número de sementes, coloração (L, Cromaticidade e ângulo Hue). Na polpa, determinou-se o pH, assim como o teor de umidade, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), vitamina C, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores, cinzas, proteína, pectina total e solúvel, e minerais (Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn). Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente através de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e revelaram que os melhores frutos são os originários das cultivares Arkin, Tean-ma e Nota-10, pois são os maiores, os mais pesados e apresentam os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e açúcares solúveis (AST), assim como boa relação SST/ATT. Os frutos da 'Arkin' mostraram coloração mais amarela, enquanto os da 'Golden Star' foram considerados de coloração mais clara, ou com maior translucidez. A textura foi menor nos frutos da 'Arkin', e se relacionou com a maior solubilização de suas pectinas