International audienceThe marine areas of South America (SA) include almost 30,000 km of coastline and encompass three different oceanic domains--the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic--ranging in latitude from 12°N to 55°S. The 10 countries that border these coasts have different research capabilities and taxonomic traditions that affect taxonomic knowledge. This paper analyzes the status of knowledge of marine biodiversity in five subregions along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America (SA): the Tropical East Pacific, the Humboldt Current, the Patagonian Shelf, the Brazilian Shelves, and the Tropical West Atlantic, and it provides a review of ecosystem threats and regional marine conservation strategies. South American marine biodiversity is least well known in the tropical subregions (with the exception of Costa Rica and Panama). Differences in total biodiversity were observed between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the same latitude. In the north of the continent, the Tropical East Pacific is richer in species than the Tropical West Atlantic, however, when standardized by coastal length, there is very little difference among them. In the south, the Humboldt Current system is much richer than the Patagonian Shelf. An analysis of endemism shows that 75% of the species are reported within only one of the SA regions, while about 22% of the species of SA are not reported elsewhere in the world. National and regional initiatives focusing on new exploration, especially to unknown areas and ecosystems, as well as collaboration among countries are fundamental to achieving the goal of completing inventories of species diversity and distribution. These inventories will allow accurate interpretation of the biogeography of its two oceanic coasts and latitudinal trends, and will also provide relevant information for science based policie

Continental extension between West Africa and Brazil was responsible, directly or indirectly, for the development of the pre-salt sag basins and the evaporites of the South Atlantic salt basin. Subsidence mechanisms to explain these basins and their capping evaporites include: (1) deposition on Barremian-aged ocean crust; (2) rift propagation from east to west across the West African margin such that post-rift subsidence commenced in the east while rifting was still occurring to the west; and (3) depth-dependent lithospheric extension. Predicted thermal subsidence of oceanic crust or rifted lithosphere is inadequate to generate sufficient accommodation for the evaporites. Within the Santos Basin, extensional faulting within the pre-salt sag basin occurs up to the base of the evaporites; extension clearly continued to the late Aptian. Time-equivalent onshore and offshore pre-salt sections across the West African margin, and the inability to generate sufficient subsidence if the sections are considered to be post-rift, disqualifies east to west rift propagation as a mechanism for the observed pre-salt basins and evaporites. Barremian–Aptian depth-dependent extension best explains the general rift and post-rift development of the West African and Brazilian margins and the paucity of syn-rift faulting, the strain balance being achieved by the lateral emplacement of lower crust and continental mantle out from under the adjacent continental lithosphere. Regional exposure and truncation of the top pre-salt sag section attests to a climate-induced lake level drawdown during the mid Aptian, and offers a simple mechanism to generate the shallow water environments for evaporite precipitation across the West African–Brazilian rift system. In the subsequent marine transgression the Gabon and Angolan salts and the evaporites within the conjugate Camamu-Almada, Jequitinhonha and Cumuruxatiba basins were deposited. Santos and Campos basin evaporites are younger. The barrier to southern Atlantic marine incursions and the possible delay in Santos and Campos evaporite deposition relates to the magmatic constructions of a proto-Walvis Ridge and the long-lived anomalous topography of the southeastern Brazilian highlands; Campos and Santos basin extension was necessarily superimposed on a broad, high-relief plateau.

O conceito de sistema petrolífero agrupa os diversos elementos que controlam a existência de jazidas de petróleo numa bacia sedimentar. Tal conceito, visualizado numa escala global, parece justificar de maneira adequada as diversas províncias petrolíferas conhecidas. A evolução tectono-sedimentar meso-cenozóica da margem continental brasileira propiciou o desenvolvimento desses elementos-chave, cuja presença é requisito fundamental a que uma determinada região seja atrativa para a prospecção petrolífera. Merece destaque nesse particular o segmento de águas profundas da Bacia de Campos, que, na visão contemporânea, representa a porção mais bem aquinhoada em termos de volumes descobertos de toda a margem brasileira. Em termos históricos, a exploração de petróleo no Brasil inclui três grandes fases: o período pré-Petrobras, basicamente de atividades pioneiras de reconhecimento; a etapa de exclusividade da Petrobras, onde se vislumbram quatro etapas -1954/1968: Fase Terrestre, 1969/1974: Fase Marítima/Plataforma Rasa, 1975: Fase Marítima/Plataforma Rasa/Bacia de Campos, e 1985/1997: Fase Marítima/ Bacia de Campos/Águas Profundas, cada uma delas com características particulares e responsável por sucessivos incrementos na reserva petrolífera do País, que alcança hoje cerca de 16 bilhões de barris de óleo-equivalente; e a fase atual, sob a vigência da Nova Lei do Petróleo, caracterizada por intensa atividade em que várias companhias nacionais e estrangeiras atuam tanto em áreas anteriormente trabalhadas como em desafiadoras novas fronteiras. Palavras-chave:Exploração de Petróleo; Províncias Petrolíferas; Reserva petrolífera do Brasil; Margem continental. sub-phases -1954/1968: exploration in land, 1969/1974 1975 and 1985/1997: deep PETROLEUM IN THE BRAZILIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN: GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION, RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES -

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