Drought is a natural hazard indicated by the decreasing of rainfall and water storage and impacting agricultural sector. Agricultural drought assessment has been used to monitor agricultural sustainability, particularly in East Java as national agricultural production center. Identification of drought characteristics -correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and agricultural impact on paddy fields and rice production using VHI (Vegetation Health Index) were conducted. VHI is produced by TCI (Temperature Condition Index) and VCI (Vegetation Condition Index) derived from MODIS satellite data, LST (Land Surface Temperature) and EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index), respectively. The results showed agricultural drought usually started in June, maximum in October and ended in November. Onset and end time drought tends to follow monsoonal rainfall pattern. El Niño 2015 showed long duration of agricultural drought (i.e. ± 5 months), high severity (i.e. mild-extreme drought; VHI 0-40) and areal extent of drought approx. 197,343 km 2 , while during La Niña 2010 the areal extent was approx. 28,685 km 2 with mild-severe drought (VHI 10-40). Impact of agricultural drought on paddy fields showed wider (smaller) areal extent in sub-round 3 (sub-round 1) from September-December (January-April). Areal extent of drought was negatively correlated with rice production (r=-0.79) which significant in 99 % confidence level.
Abstract. Drought is a slow developing phenomenon that accumulates over period and affecting various sectors. It is one of natural hazards that occurs each year, particularly in Indonesia over Australian Monsoon period. During drought event, vegetation's cover can be affected by water stress. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is a method for water resource assessment and known to be strongly related to the plant water content.
Citarum River is one of the strategically valuable rivers in Indonesia, especially on Java Island. Since 2018, the central government has carried out the "Citarum Harum" program to revitalize the river while improving its reputation of Citarum as one of the dirtiest rivers in the world. This study aimed to see the pollution load capacity of the downstream Citarum River 4 years after the revitalization program was implemented. Downstream Citarum Watershed (Karawang Regency) was chosen as the focus of the study site because of the very high risk of contamination. This research was comparing the pollution load capacity of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in 2022 using Qual2Kw software and 2017 based on the data analyzed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. River revitalization over the last 4 years has significantly reduced the BOD value in the downstream Citarum Watershed. The success of this revitalization program can be a reference for other watershed management toward environmental improvement using the same scheme. This study is expected to provide updated information on water quality in the downstream Citarum watershed several years after revitalization and provide an overview of the important functions of river revitalization
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