ED among T2DM are frequent. Due to their deleterious effect on different metabolic and psychological outcomes, they should be diagnosed promptly, especially BED.

No abstract

In order to estimate metabolic demands of desert pupfish for conservation purposes, we measured oxygen consumption in fish acclimated to the ecologically relevant temperatures of 28 or 33°C. For these experiments, we used fish derived from a refuge population of Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). Measurement of routine oxygen consumption (V O2,routine ) revealed some 33°C-acclimated fish (10% of 295 assayed fish) periodically exhibited periods of no measurable oxygen consumption despite available ambient oxygen tensions that were above the critical P O2 . We call this phenomenon paradoxical anaerobism. The longest observed continuous bout with no oxygen consumption was 149 min, although typical bouts were much shorter. Fish maintained normal posture and ventilation rate (>230 ventilations per minute) during paradoxical anaerobism. Fish rarely demonstrated a compensatory increase in oxygen use following a period of paradoxical anaerobism. In contrast, only one out of 262 sampled fish acclimated at 28°C spontaneously demonstrated paradoxical anaerobism. Muscle lactate concentration was not elevated during periods of paradoxical anaerobism. However, the amount of ethanol released by the 33°C-acclimated fish was 7.3 times greater than that released by the 28°C acclimation group, suggesting ethanol may be used as an alternative end product of anaerobic metabolism. Exposure to exogenous ethanol, in concentrations as low as 0.1%, produced periods of paradoxical anaerobism even in 28°C-acclimated fish.

Background and aims Several factors that worsen the prognosis of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 have been identified, such as obesity or diabetes. However, despite that nutrition may change in a lockdown situation, little is known about the influence of malnutrition among subjects hospitalized due to COVID-19. Our study aimed to assess whether the presence of malnutrition among patients admitted due to COVID-19 had any impact on clinical outcomes compared with patients with the same condition but well nourished. Methods 75 patients admitted to hospital due to COVID-19 were analyzed cross-sectionally. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) was completed by phone interview. Clinical parameters included were extracted from the electronic medical record. Results According to the SGA, 27 admitted due to a COVID-19 infection had malnutrition. Patients not well nourished were older than patients with a SGA grade A (65±14.1 vs 49±15.1 years; p<0.0001). Length of hospital stay among poorly nourished patients was significantly higher (18.4±15.6 vs 8.5±7.7 days; p=0.001). Mortality rates and admission to ICU were greater among subjects with any degree of malnutrition compared with well-nourished patients (7.4% vs 0%; p=0.05 and 44.4% vs 6.3%; p<0.0001). CRP (120.9±106.2 vs 60.8±62.9mg/l; p=0.03), D-dimer (1516.9±1466.9 vs 461.1±353.7ng/ml; p<0.0001) and ferritin (847.8±741.1 vs 617.8±598.7mcg/l; p=0.03) were higher in the group with malnutrition. Haemoglobin (11.6±2.1 vs 13.6±1.5g/dl; p<0.0001) and albumin 3.2±0.7 vs 4.1±0.5g/dl; p<0.0001) were lower in patients with any degree of malnutrition. Conclusions The presence of a poor nutritional status is related to a longer stay in hospital, a greater admission in the ICU and a higher mortality.

To determine the frequency and clinical parameters, of clinically significant depressive symptoms among a type 2 diabetes (T2DM) sample from a Mediterranean area without an established diagnosis of depressive disorder (DD). 320 subjects with T2DM were recruited randomly from Primary-Care settings and the Endocrine Department from a tertiary center in Mallorca (Spain). 91 healthy individuals matched by age, gender and BMI were used as controls. All participating patients graded by the presence of DD by using the "Beck Depression Inventory" (BDI), considering pathological a cut-off score equal or greater than 16. 27.2% T2DM subjects had significant symptoms of DD compared with 12.1% in the control group (p<0.01). BDI score was higher among T2DM when compared with controls (12±9.6 vs. 7.4±5, p<00001). The proportion of females (68% vs. 37%, p<0.0001), subjects without an active job (68% vs. 45%, p=0.01) and singles (38% vs. 18%, p=0.007) was greater among T2DM with a BDI≥16. Subjects with criteria for DD had a higher BMI (31.99±5.96 vs. 30.53±5.62, p=0.03). Fasting plasma glucose was higher among T2DM with a BDI≥16 (162±70 vs. 147±45 mg/dl, p=0.02) as well as HbA1c levels (7.9±1.8% vs. 7.4±1.4%, p=0.01), triglycerides (203±183 vs. 161±103 mg/dl; p=0.03) and LDL-cholesterol (112±31 vs. 104±35 mg/dl; p=0.03). Gender, marital status, BMI and triglycerides were independently related to the presence of DD after a logistic regression model. Relevant depressive symptoms are more prevalent among Mediterranean T2DM subjects than in general population. Main clinical correlators of significant depressive symptoms are gender, marital status and BMI.