A study was conducted to identify possible sources of microbial contamination and to assess the effect of good cleaning and sanitation practices on the microbial quality and safety of unpasteurized apple cider. Raw unwashed apples, washed apples, cleaning water, fresh cider, and finished cider samples were collected from five Ontario producers over 4 months and microbiologically tested. Total coliforms were found in 31, 71 and 38% of the unwashed apple, water, and washed apple samples, respectively. Escherichia coli was found in 40% of the water samples from one producer alone. The washing step was identified as a potential source of contamination, possibly due to water in the dump tanks seldom being refreshed, and because scrubbers, spray nozzles, and conveyors were not properly cleaned and sanitized. Higher total coliform counts (P < 0.0001) and prevalence (P < 0.0001) in fresh cider compared with those in unwashed apples and washed apples indicated considerable microbial buildup along the process, possibly explained by the lack of appropriate equipment sanitation procedures. Results showed that producers who had better sanitary practices in place had lower (P < 0.001) total coliform prevalence than the rest of the producers. Overall results show that good sanitation procedures are associated with improved microbial quality of fresh cider in terms of total coliforms and that operators who pasteurize and/or UV treat their product should still be required to have a sound good manufacturing practices program in place to prevent recontamination. Cryptosporidium parvum, an important pathogen for this industry, was found in different sample types, including washed apples, water, and fresh and finished cider.
The reliability of testing spent irrigation water to assess the microbiological status of sprouting mung bean beds has been investigated. In commercial trials, the distribution of opportunistic contaminants within 32 bean sprout beds (25 kg of mung beans per bin) was assessed 48 h after germination. The prevalence of generic Escherichia coli, thermotolerant coliforms, and Aeromonas in sprouts (n = 288) was 5, 11, and 39%, respectively, and 57, 70, and 79% in the corresponding spent irrigation water samples (n = 96). Contamination was heterogeneously distributed within the seedbed. In laboratory trials, beans inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of either Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 (10(3) to 10(4) CFU/g) were introduced (1 g/500 g of noninoculated seeds) at defined locations (top, middle, or base), and the beans were then sprouted for 48 h. When seeds inoculated with pathogens were introduced at the base or top of the seedbed, the pathogens were typically restricted to these sites and resulted in 44% of the spent irrigation water samples returning false-negative results. Introducing inoculated beans into the middle or at the presoak stage enhanced the distribution of both pathogens within the subsequent sprout bed and resulted in comparable levels recovered in spent irrigation water. The study demonstrated that even though screening a single sample of spent irrigation water is more reliable than testing sprouts directly, it does not provide an accurate assessment of the microbiological status of sprouting mung bean beds. Such limitations may be addressed by ensuring that bean batches are mixed prior to use and by taking spent irrigation water samples from multiple sites at the latter stages of the sprouting process.
ResumenEl chile manzano (Capsicum pubescens R y P) cultivado en el centro de México presenta variabilidad genética aprovechable en programas de mejoramiento genético. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar dos métodos de hibridación y caracterizar morfológicamente los descendientes F1 de las cruzas entre morfotipos de chile manzano. El experimento se desarrolló de 2012 a 2013 en invernadero con los progenitores identificados como flor blanca (FB), Flor morada-entrenudo largo (FML) y flor morada-entrenudo corto (FMC). Se hibridaron por los métodos "sin corola y "con corola" y la F1 se evaluó a prendimiento de fruto y caracterización morfológica. Los resultados indicaron que la protección de la flor hibridada afectó el prendimiento de fruto en más del 50%. No hubo diferencias significativas entre cruzas directas ni recíprocas (t; p= 0.42), lo que sugiere ausencia de efectos maternos. La posición del estilo tanto en progenitores como en los híbridos fue heteromórfica, con 70-90% al nivel de las anteras. Los variantes de los caracteres color del tallo, color de la corola, color del filamento y color del estilo se encontraron en el progenitor FB y fueron recesivos a los correspondientes de FML y FMC. El porte bajo de la planta AbstractThe manzano pepper (Capsicum pubescens R and P) cultivated in central México shows genetic variability that can be used in breeding programs. The purpose of this research was to evaluate two hybridization methods and to morphologically characterize F1 descendants of crosses between Manzano pepper morphotypes. The experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2013 in greenhouse with the parents identified as white flower (FB), purple flower-long internode (FML) and purple flower-short internode (FMC). They were hybridized by the "with corolla" and "without corolla" methods and the F1 was evaluated for fruit picking and morphological characterization. The results indicated that the protection of the hybridized flower affected fruit picking by more than 50%. There were no significant differences between direct or reciprocal crosses (t; p= 0.42), suggesting no maternal effects. The position of the style in both progenitors and hybrids was heteromorphic, with 70-90% at the anther level. The variants of the characters stem color, corolla color, filament color and style color were found in the FB progenitor and were recessive to the corresponding FML and FMC. The low plant size and smaller leaves present in the FB and FMC progenitors were dominant in826 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.8 Núm. 4 16 de mayo -29 de junio, 2017 Brenda Ayala Arias et al.y hojas de menor tamaño presentes en los progenitores FB y FMC fueron dominantes en los híbridos y afectaron negativa y significativamente en el rendimiento de frutos y heterosis. Los resultados sugieren estrategias de mejoramiento genético adicionales en híbridos como selección de segregantes y retrocruzas que mejorar el tamaño del fruto.Palabras claves: Capsicum pubescens, hibridización, morpotipos, variación genética. IntroducciónEl chile manzano (Caps...
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