RESUMO -Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos para as produções de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) e para a produção acumulada até 305 dias (P305) de 2.440 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Gir leiteiro com partos entre 1990 e 2005. A produção acumulada até 305 dias e as produções de leite no dia do controle foram analisadas por meio de um modelo animal em análises uni e bicaracterísticas. Para as produções no dia do controle, o modelo incluiu o efeito aleatório genético direto e os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos, classe de idade da vaca ao parto e dias em lactação como co-variável (regressão linear). Para a P305, utilizou-se o mesmo modelo, excluindo-se os dias em lactação e utilizando-se a idade da vaca ao primeiro parto como co-variável (regressão linear e quadrática). O grupo de contemporâneos (GC) foi definido como rebanho, ano e estação do controle para produções no dia do controle e rebanho, ano e época de parto para P305. Aplicou-se a restrição de que cada grupo de contemporâneo deveria conter no mínimo três observações no caso das produções no dia do controle e cinco observações para P305. Os componentes de variância foram estimados pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita. Os valores maiores de variâncias fenotípicas foram observados no meio da lactação e os das variâncias aditivas no início da lactação. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas pelas análises unicaracterísticas oscilaram entre 0,13 e 0,36, enquanto as obtidas por análises bi-características oscilaram entre 0,14 e 0,34. Para as duas análises, essas estimativas foram maiores nos primeiros e menores nos últimos controles. As correlações genéticas entre as produções no dia do controle foram elevadas e positivas e maiores entre os controles mais próximos. Os resultados sugerem que as produções no dia do controle podem ser utilizadas como critério de seleção para produção de leite da raça Gir. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.13 to 0.36 in univariate analyses and from 0.14 to 0.34 in bivariate analyses and were higher at the beginning and lower at the end of lactation in both analyses. Genetic correlations between TDMY were positive and high between adjacent test days. These results suggest that TDMY may be used as selection criteria for improving milk yield of Gyr cattle.

RESUMO -Com o objetivo de estimar parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC), foram usadas as 2.440 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Gir leiteira, com partos registrados entre 1990 e 2005. As PLDC foram consideradas em dez classes mensais e analisadas por meio de modelo de regressão aleatória (MRA) utilizando-se como efeitos aleatórios o genético-aditivo, o de ambiente permanente e o residual e, como efeitos fixos, o grupo de contemporâneos (GC), a co-variável idade da vaca ao parto (efeito linear e quadrático) e a curva média de lactação da população. Os efeitos genético-aditivos e de ambiente permanente as days between records increased. Predicted breeding values for total 305-day milk yield (MRA305) and specific periods of lactation (obtained by the mean of all breeding values in the periods) using the AS function were compared with that predicted by a standard model using accumulated 305-day milk yield (PTA305) by rank correlation. The magnitude of correlations suggested differences may be observed in ranking animals by using the different criteria which were compared in this study.

Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle have 500 years of adaptation to the Colombian tropic, but little is known about their genetic history. Our aim was to estimate levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD), effective population size (Ne), genomic inbreeding for runs of homozygosity (FROH), genomic relation matrix (FGRM), excess of homozygotes (FHOM) and pedigree information (FPEDCOMP) and to characterize the runs of homozygosity (ROH), searching for selection signatures. A total of 419 BON animals were genotyped, 70 with a 150K chip and 349 with a 50K chip. Next, an imputation to 50K was performed, and, after editing, databases of 40K were obtained. The PLINK v1.90 and R programs were used to estimate LD, ROH, FROH and FHOM. The SNeP v1.1 program was used to obtain Ne, and PreGSf90 was used to elaborate the scaled G matrix. The MTDFNRM program was used to estimate FPEDCOMP. The LD mean as r2 at 1 Mb was 0.21 (r2 > 0.30 at a distance of 96.72kb), and Ne was 123 ± 1. A total of 7,652 homozygous segments were obtained, with a mean of 18.35 ± 0.55 ROH/animal. Most of the genome was covered by long ROHs (ROH>8 Mb = 4.86%), indicating significant recent inbreeding. The average inbreeding coefficient for FPEDCOM, FGRM, FHOM and FROH was 4.41%, 4.18%, 5.58% and 6.78%, respectively. The highest correlation was observed between FHOM and FROH (0.95). ROH hotspots/islands were defined using the extreme values of a box plot that was generated, and correspond to QTLs related to milk yield (55.11%), external appearance (13.47%), production (13.30%), reproduction (8.15%), health (5.24%) and meat carcass (4.74%).

Cokriging is a geostatistical technique that is used for spatial prediction when realizations of a random field are available. If a secondary variable is cross-correlated with the primary variable, both variables may be employed for prediction by means of cokriging. In this work, we propose a predictive model that is based on cokriging when the secondary variable is functional. As in the ordinary cokriging, a co-regionalized linear model is needed in order to estimate the corresponding auto-correlations and cross-correlations. The proposed model is utilized for predicting the environmental pollution of particulate matter when considering wind speed curves as functional secondary variable.

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The objectives of the present study were to estimate genetic parameters of monthly test-day milk yield (TDMY) of the first lactation of Brazilian Holstein cows using random regression (RR), and to compare the genetic gains for milk production and persistency, derived from RR models, using eigenvector indices and selection indices that did not consider eigenvectors. The data set contained monthly TDMY of 3,543 first lactations of Brazilian Holstein cows calving between 1994 and 2011. The RR model included the fixed effect of the contemporary group (herd-month-year of test days), the covariate calving age (linear and quadratic effects), and a fourth-order regression on Legendre orthogonal polynomials of days in milk (DIM) to model the population-based mean curve. Additive genetic and nongenetic animal effects were fit as RR with 4 classes of residual variance random effect. Eigenvector indices based on the additive genetic RR covariance matrix were used to evaluate the genetic gains of milk yield and persistency compared with the traditional selection index (selection index based on breeding values of milk yield until 305 DIM). The heritability estimates for monthly TDMY ranged from 0.12 ± 0.04 to 0.31 ± 0.04. The estimates of additive genetic and nongenetic animal effects correlation were close to 1 at adjacent monthly TDMY, with a tendency to diminish as the time between DIM classes increased. The first eigenvector was related to the increase of the genetic response of the milk yield and the second eigenvector was related to the increase of the genetic gains of the persistency but it contributed to decrease the genetic gains for total milk yield. Therefore, using this eigenvector to improve persistency will not contribute to change the shape of genetic curve pattern. If the breeding goal is to improve milk production and persistency, complete sequential eigenvector indices (selection indices composite with all eigenvectors) could be used with higher economic values for persistency. However, if the breeding goal is to improve only milk yield, the traditional selection index is indicated.

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The existing vaccines are mainly limited to the microorganisms we are able to culture and produce and/or to those whose killing is mediated by humoral response (antibody mediated). It has been more difficult to develop vaccines capable of inducing a functional cellular response needed to prevent or cure chronic diseases. New strategies should be taken into account in the improvement of cell-based immune responses in order to prevent and control the infections and eventually clear the virus. Preclinical and clinical results with vaccine candidates developed as a vaccine platform based on virus-like particles (VLPs) evidenced their ability to stimulate mucosal as well as systemic immunity. Particles based on envelope, membrane or nucleocapsid microbial proteins induce a strong immune response after nasal or parenteral administration in mice, non-human primates and humans. In addition, the immune response obtained was modulated in a Th1 sense. The VLPs were also able to immunoenhance the humoral and cellular immune responses against several viral pathogens. Studies in animals and humans with nasal and systemic formulations evidenced that it is possible to induce functional immune response against HBV, HCV, HIV and dengue virus.