SummaryIncreasing the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor in the RVM produces hyperalgesia, while decreasing NR1 in the RVM produces hypoalgesia and prevents development of chronic muscle hyperalgesia.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment for pain that involves placement of electrical stimulation through the skin for pain relief. Previous work from our laboratory shows that repeated application of TENS produces analgesic tolerance by the fourth day and a concomitant cross-tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. Prior pharmacological studies show that blockade of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors systemically and spinally prevents the development of analgesic tolerance to repeated doses of opioid agonists. We therefore hypothesized that systemic and intrathecal blockade of CCK receptors would prevent the development of analgesic tolerance to TENS, and cross-tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. In animals with knee joint inflammation (3% kaolin/carrageenan), high (100 Hz) or low frequency (4 Hz) TENS was applied daily and the mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the muscle and paw were examined. We tested thresholds before and after inflammation, and before and after TENS. Animals treated systemically, prior to TENS, with the CCK antagonist, proglumide, did not develop tolerance to repeated application of TENS on the fourth day. Spinal blockade of CCK-A or CCK-B receptors blocked the development of tolerance to high and low frequency TENS, respectively. In the same animals we show that spinal blockade of CCK-A receptors prevents cross-tolerance at spinal delta-opioid receptors that normally occurs with high frequency TENS; and blockade of CCK-B receptors prevents cross-tolerance at spinal mu-opioid receptors that normally occurs with low frequency TENS. Thus, we conclude that blockade of CCK receptors prevents the development of analgesic tolerance to repeated application of TENS in a frequency-dependent manner.

A informática vem assumindo um papel relevante no campo da saúde, evidenciando a necessidade de profissionais capacitados para o uso de tecnologias digitais. Este trabalho apresenta um relato de experiência sobre o ensino da Informática Aplicada à Saúde. Adotou-se uma metodologia ativa e a prototipação de aplicativos móveis foi utilizada como método de aprendizagem. Resultados positivos indicam que a experiência pode ser continuada e melhorada após um estudo mais aprofundado. A metodologia adotada e os resultados alcançados estão descritos neste trabalho, a fim de contribuir para a replicação e melhoria da experiência.

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