Regional knowledge and spatial evolution of the West German laser systems industry.We analyze the regional evolution of the German laser systems industry in West Germany in the 1975- 2005 period. We find that regional knowledge in the related field of laser source production and the presence of laser-relevant universities and public research organization were conducive to the first emergence of laser systems producers. Upstream laser source producers influence entry into the downstream laser systems industry primarily through their own diversification moves. Public research was less important in the submarket of materials processing laser systems, which is less directly science based than other parts of the laser systems industry. While spatial proximity to Munich, the early center of laser research in Germany, had a slightly increasing effect on regional entry into the new industry, we do not find any evidence for spillovers between neighbouring regions.
Introduction: At the end of 2019 the Covid-19 pandemic caused a huge amount of restrictions across the world which affected teaching around the world as it was not prepared to move from traditional face-to-face to an online conversion overnight, so the aim of this paper is to determine the changes in undergraduate anatomy teaching strategies post-pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. Methods: A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA statement. Data were retrieved from the searches conducted in the different databases, and the articles to be retrieved were selected with the help of the Rayyan platform. Using the OPMER and JBI tools, the quality of evidence was assessed for the selection of the articles included in the review. Results: The teaching of medicine, specifically anatomy, presented serious problems due to the fact that throughout history it has been taught in the classroom by means of cadaveric dissection and when this ceased to be available, new methods arose through the use of digital resources to try to make up for the needs of the lack of dissection laboratories which lost a great deal of content in this restructuring, which have been improving with the passing of the courses taught and the development of new material that has been better adapted to the needs of the students. Discussion: The authors agree that in the future the best way to teach anatomy will continue to be face-to-face dissection without neglecting the strategies developed during this pandemic and to be taken if necessary to restructure curricula in the future to improve teaching.
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