Se determinó la calidad del agua en puntos afluentes del rio Cesar como el río Calenturitas, Maracas y Tucuy, utilizando macro invertebrados acuáticos como bioindicadores y aplicando el índice BMWP/Col adaptado para Colombia por Roldan (Biological Monitoring Working Party score). Se establecieron cinco estaciones y dos jornadas de muestreo (periodo seco y de lluvias). Se colectaron muestras de agua para análisis fisicoquímicos e identificación de macro invertebrados que fueron contados e identificados mediante estereomicroscopio y claves taxonómicas. En total se identificaron 1025 organismos, 589 en periodo seco y 436 en periodo de lluvias, pertenecientes a 2 phylum, 3 clases, 9 órdenes, 24 familias y 37 géneros. El valor promedio del índice BMWP/Col define la calidad del agua de la estación 1 (E1) como agua ligeramente contaminada, de calidad aceptable, E2-E3-E4 y E5 como agua moderadamente contaminada, de calidad dudosa. Agua de la estación E5 presenta el puntaje más bajo de todas las estaciones y las variables fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas más altas.
Intake fraction was determined in this study to provide insight into population exposures to PM10 that is effectively inhaled due to emissions of an opencast coal mine. We applied the CALPUFF model to a coal mine in Northern Colombia, which has 6 active pits with an annual production of 33.7 million tons. We estimated the intake fractions for 7 towns through the integration of dispersion model results over the population data. The resulting average intake fractions were between 6.13 × 10−9 and 3.66 × 10−8 for PM10. 62.4% of the intake fractions in the domain were calculated within a 23 km radius from the coal mine and coved 44.3% of the total population in this area. We calculated an estimate point for morbidity impacts using standard epidemiological assumptions. It is estimated that there were annually 105835 restricted activity days and 336832 respiratory symptom cases due to the direct impact of the opencast coal mining. These data also provide a framework for improved understanding of the effect of coal mining in Colombia.
ResumenSe determinaron las concentraciones de partículas suspendidas totales (PST) y partículas menores de 10 y 2.5 micrómetros (PM10 y PM2.5) en la zona urbana del municipio de Riohacha, Colombia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un muestreador de alto volumen para PST y PM10 y un muestreador de bajo volumen (Partisol) para las partículas PM2.5, todo en seis estaciones de monitoreo. Los resultados mostraron que el promedio de la concentración de PM10 varió desde 43,69 a 19,47 µg/m3, las PST de 86,02 a 27,38 µg/m3 y las PM2.5 mostraron un promedio de 14.57 µg/m3. Las relaciones PM10/PST variaron desde 0,50 a 0.68. Las seis estaciones presentaron buena correlación PST/PM10 (R = 0,795). Las PST pueden implicar presencia de partículas PM10 en el área urbana esta ciudad, pero las concentraciones de PM10 no necesariamente indican presencia de partículas PM2.5 (R= 0,035). Los resultados de correlación de PM10/PST son similares a estudios realizados en otras zonas urbanas de Colombia y de otros países.Palabras clave: partículas en suspensión, medio ambiente, calidad del aire, PST, PM10, PM2.5 Levels of total suspended particles (TSP), PM10 and PM2.5 and their relationship in public places of the city Riohacha, Colombian Caribbean AbstractThe concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles with size below 10 and 2.5 micrometers (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban area of the city of Riohacha in Colombia were determined. The instruments used were a high-volume sampler for TSP and PM10 and a low-volume sampler (Partisol) for PM2.5, all in six monitoring stations. The results showed that the average PM10 concentrations ranged from 43.69 to 19.47 µg/m3, the PST ranged from 86.02 to 27.38 µg/m3 and the average for PM2.5 was 14.57 µg/m3. Relations PM10/PST ranged from 0.50 to 0.68. The six stations showed good correlation PST/PM10 (R=0.795). The PST can imply the presence of PM10 particles in the urban area of this city but PM10 concentrations not necessarily indicate the presence of PM2.5 particles (R=0.035). The results for the correlation PM10/PST are similar to studies conducted in other urban areas of Colombia and of other countries.
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