<p>Con el desarrollo de enormes operaciones militares durante los gobiernos de Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010), destinadas a expulsar a las organizaciones guerrilleras de las áreas metropolitanas, se puso de presente que la defensa y securización de los espacios de dependencia de las ciudades es un elemento fundamental de la territorialidad del Estado. En este artículo, se analiza el lugar que ocupan estas políticas de seguridad dentro del conjunto de políticas de territoriales del Estado, enfatizando que las estrategias de seguridad no son un ámbito nuevo de intervención política, sino un problema esencial de la formación del Estado. Igualmente, se analiza la red multiescalar de actores que conforman el aseguramiento de la región metropolitana de Bogotá,exponiendo el desarrollo de la operación militar “Libertad Uno”. Con este análisis se busca constituir una línea de investigación sobre las geopolíticas urbanas.</p>
This paper explores gender equity in science education and occupations in a global context. Research on the development of all science talent is critical given the importance of diversity for science and the increased demand for well-trained technical workers, scientists, and engineers. Although women are under-represented in most science systems around the world, some countries have been more successful in creating gender equity than others. We use cross-national data from multiple sources to examine gender equity in science at various points in the science pipeline. We also focus on patterns of equity in science across diverse political and socio-economic settings. Findings show gender inequity in science education and (especially) occupations worldwide. Countries where women are doing the best on early science indicators do not tend to include the United States and Scandinavian countries. They also are not limited to countries with higher GNP per capita or higher percent women in Parliament. GNP and percent women in Parliament are better predictors of gender access later in the pipeline. Given these geographic patterns, we provide recommendations and a sample map for using a spatial approach to examining gender equity in science in a global context.
The vast microbial diversity on the planet represents an invaluable source for identifying novel activities with potential industrial and therapeutic application. In this regard, metagenomics has emerged as a group of strategies that have significantly facilitated the analysis of
DNA
from multiple environments and has expanded the limits of known microbial diversity. However, the functional characterization of enzymes, metabolites, and products encoded by diverse microbial genomes is limited by the inefficient heterologous expression of foreign genes. We have implemented a pipeline that combines NGS and Sanger sequencing as a way to identify fosmids within metagenomic libraries. This strategy facilitated the identification of putative proteins, subcloning of targeted genes and preliminary characterization of selected proteins. Overall, the
in silico
approach followed by the experimental validation allowed us to efficiently recover the activity of previously hidden enzymes derived from agricultural soil samples. Therefore, the methodology workflow described herein can be applied to recover activities encoded by environmental
DNA
from multiple sources.
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