A macroscopic traffic flow model, called the switchingmode model (SMM), has been derived from the cell transmission model (CTM) and then applied to the estimation of traffic densities at unmonitored locations along a highway. The SMM is a hybrid system that switches among different sets of linear difference equations, or modes, depending on the mainline boundary data and the congestion status of the cells in a highway section. Using standard linear systems techniques, the observability and controllability properties of the SMM modes have been determined. Both the SMM and a density-based version of the CTM have been simulated over a section of 1-210 West in Southern California, using several days of loop detector data collected during the morning rush-hour period. The simulation results show that the SMM and CTM produce density estimates that are both similar to one another and in good agreement with measured densities on 1.210. The mean percentage error averaged over all the test days was approximately 13% for both models.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an independent predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Our aim was to compare the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events between patients transplanted for NASH and alcohol (ETOH)-induced cirrhosis. This is a retrospective cohort study (August 1993 to March 2010) of 242 patients (115 NASH and 127 ETOH) with 12 months follow-up after liver transplantation (LT). Those with hepatocellular carcinoma or coexisting liver diseases were excluded. Kaplan-Meier's and Cox's proportional hazard analyses were conducted to compare survival. Logistic regression was used to calculate the likelihood of CV events, defined as death from any cardiac cause, myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, complete heart block, and/or stroke requiring hospitalization <1 year after LT. Patients in the NASH group were older (58.4 versus 53.3 years) and were more likely to be female (45% versus 18%; P < 0.001). They were more likely to be morbidly obese (32% versus 9%), have dyslipidemia (25% versus 6%), or have hypertension (53% versus 38%; P < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, NASH patients were more likely to have a CV event <1 year after LT, compared to ETOH patients, even after controlling for recipient age, sex, smoking status, pretransplant diabetes, CV disease, and the presence of metabolic syndrome (26% versus 8%; odds ratio 5 4.12; 95% confidence interval 5 1.91-8.90). The majority (70%) of events occurred in the perioperative period, and the occurrence of a CV event was associated with a 50% overall mortality. However, there were no differences in patient, graft, or CV mortality between groups. Conclusions: CV complications are common after LT, and NASH patients are at increased risk independent of traditional cardiac risk factors, though this did not affect overall mortality. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:1741-1750

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