Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in animal farming and aquaculture industries. Despite its ban in many countries around the world, it is still used in several developing countries, with harmful effects on the surrounding aquatic environment. In this study, an electrooxidation process using a Ti/PbO anode was used to investigate the degradation of CAP in both synthetic solution and real aquaculture wastewater. A central composite design was used to determine the optimum conditions for CAP removal. Current intensity and treatment time had the most impact on the CAP removal. These two factors accounted for ∼90% of CAP removal. The optimum conditions found in this study were current intensity of 0.65 A, treatment time of 34 min, and CAP initial concentration of 0.5 mg L. Under these conditions, 98.7% of CAP removal was achieved with an energy consumption of 4.65 kW h m. The antibiotic was not present in the aquaculture wastewater, which received 0.5 mg L of CAP and was treated (by electrooxidation) under the optimum conditions. A complete removal of CAP was obtained after 34 min of treatment. According to these results, electrooxidation presents an option for the removal of antibiotics, secondary compounds, and other organic and inorganic compounds from solution.
Arsenic presence in water has become one of the most concerning environmental problems. Electrocoagulation is a technology that offers several advantages over conventional treatments such as chemical coagulation. In the present work, an electrocoagulation system was optimized for arsenic removal at initial concentrations of 100 µg/L using response surface methodology. The effects of studied parameters were determined by a 23 factorial design; whereas treatment time had a positive effect and current intensity had negative effect on arsenic removal efficiency. With a p-value 0.1629 and a confidence level 99%, the type of electrode material did not have significant effect on arsenic removal. Efficiency over 90% was reached at optimal operating conditions of 0.2 A of current intensity, and 7 min of treatment time using iron as the electrode material. However, the time necessary to accomplish with OMS arsenic guideline 10 µg/L increased from 7 to 30 minutes when real arsenic contaminated-groundwater with an initial concentration of 80.2 ± 3.24 µg/L was used. The de of a pilot-scale electrocoagulation reactor was determined with the capacity to meet the water requirement of a 6417 population community in Sonora, Mexico. To provide the 1.0 L/s required, an electrocoagulation reactor with a working volume of 1.79 m3, a total electrode effective surface of 701 m2, operating at a current intensity of 180 A and an operating cost of 0.0208 US$/day was proposed. Based on these results, electrocoagulation can be considered an efficient technology to treat arseniccontaminated water and meet the drinking water quality standards.
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world. In 2015, it was declared as probably carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In Valle del Mayo, Sonora, México, more than 20000 L of this herbicide are sprayed per year. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess human health risk associated with exposure of water contaminated with glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on a population in agricultural fields of Valle del Mayo communities. A cohort study was performed among the exposed populations; glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were measured in water drains, private wells, and groundwater by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Health risk was subsequently assessed obtaining a hazard ratio. Concentrations for glyphosate were lower than 5 µg L -1 while those for AMPA were 15-342.5 µg L -1 or µg g -1 . The results showed a statistical correlation among people consuming water from private wells with diabetes (p ≤ 0.03) and hypertension (p ≤ 0.004). The resulting risk assessment hazard ratio was 0.22 for agricultural laborers and 0.39 for brick makers when an acceptable daily dose of 0.03 mg kg -1 d -1 was taken into account, indicating a potential health risk.
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