Inorganic pollutants in Colombian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agrosystems cause problems in the production, quality, and exportation of this raw material worldwide. There has been an increased interest in bioprospecting studies of different fungal species focused on the biosorption of heavy metals. Furthermore, fungi constitute a valuable, profitable, ecological, and efficient natural soil resource that could be considered in the integrated management of cadmium mitigation. This study reports a new species of Talaromyces isolated from a cocoa soil sample collected in San Vicente de Chucurí, Colombia. T. santanderensis is featured by Lemon Yellow (R. Pl. IV) mycelium on CYA, mono-to-biverticillade conidiophores, and acerose phialides. T. santanderensis is distinguished from related species by its growth rate on CYAS and powdery textures on MEA, YES and OA, high acid production on CREA and smaller conidia. It is differentiated from T. lentulus by its growth rate on CYA medium at 37 °C without exudate production, its cream (R. PI. XVI) margin on MEA, and dense sporulation on YES and CYA. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a polyphasic approach, including different phylogenetic analyses of combined and individual ITS, CaM, BenA, and RPB2 gene sequences that indicate that it is new to science and is named Talaromyces santanderensis sp. nov. This new species belongs to the Talaromyces section and is closely related to T. lentulus, T. soli, T. tumuli, and T. pratensis (inside the T. pinophilus species complex) in the inferred phylogeny. Mycelia growth of the fungal strains was subjected to a range of 0–400 mg/kg Cd and incorporated into malt extract agar (MEA) in triplicates. Fungal radial growth was recorded every three days over a 13-day incubation period and In vitro cadmium tolerance tests showed a high tolerance index (0.81) when the mycelium was exposed to 300 mg/kg of Cd. Results suggest that T. santanderensis showed tolerance to Cd concentrations that exceed the permissible limits for contaminated soils, and it is promising for its use in bioremediation strategies to eliminate Cd from highly contaminated agricultural soils.
The phylogenetic relationships of deep metazoans, specifically in the phylum Ctenophora (inside and outside the phylum), are not totally understood. Several loci (protein coding and ribosomal RNA) from organisms belonging to this phylum are currently available on public databases (e.g. GenBank). Previous studies take into account the ribosomal data and the protein data separately. In this study, we perform a meta-analysis of previously published data together. The published data of this phylum have been used in previous phylogenetic analyses inside the phylum and consist in nuclear ribosomal data, such as 18S, 5.8S, ITS1, ITS2, and protein-coding markers such as NFP (non-fluorescent protein).Previous studies concentrate their efforts toward the analyses of ribosomal data or the protein-coding marker separately. Now we take into account these markers together for an upgrade of the phylogenetic analysis of this phylum. We also test several markers such as 28S, IPNS, Tyrosine aminotransferase and HLH domaincontaining protein for the improvement of the study. This markers were analyzed by Bayesian Inference (MrBayes) and Maximum Likelihood (Garli and RAxML), individually and concatenated, showing improvement in the orders placement and presenting new interesting relationship between the paraphyletic order Cydippida and the other ctenophores. These analyses also include sequences from undescribed species that have been reported in GenBank which improved the alignment matrices and support values of some nodes. Adding the undescribed species suggests interesting and well supported clades, the posterior identification of this species would led to an improvement on the ctenophore's taxonomy. Amendments from Version 1We revised the manuscript and performed the following changes according the suggestions made by the referees for the last version of the manuscript:1. Here we present the meta-analysis combining amino acid and nucleotide data to resconstruct a single tree (instead of one per dataset). As a consequence of this we redrawed our conclusions.2. We perform phylogenetic reconstructions using the combined dataset by Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood, but for ML we used RAxML in addition to GARLI.3. We included a new Figure 1 to replace the one in the former version. 4.Rooted trees for each analysis (RAxML, GARLI and MrBayes) have been included in Supplementary material. 5.As suggested by the reviewers we excluded IPNS as a marker for the analysis since it is a duplicated gene, and not informative for phylogenetic reconstriction. We included 2 protein coding genes (tyrosine aminotransferase and HLH domain containing protein) to the analysis to solve this problem.6. We included to the analysis sequenced from undescribed species and other taxa not included in the previous version.
The phylogenetic relationships of deep metazoans, specifically in the phylum Ctenophora, are not totally understood. Previous studies have been developed on this subject, mostly based on morphology and single gene analyses (rRNA sequences). Several loci (protein coding and ribosomal RNA) from taxa belonging to this phylum are currently available on public databases (e.g. GenBank). Here we revisit Ctenophora molecular phylogeny using public sequences and probabilistic methods (Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood). To get more reliable results multi-locus analyses were performed using 5.8S, 28S, ITS1, ITS2 and 18S, and IPNS and GFP-like proteins. Best topologies, consistent with both methods for each data set, are shown and analysed. Comparing the results of the pylogenetic reconstruction with previous research, most clades showed the same relationships as the ones found with morphology and single gene analyses, consistent with hypotheses made in previous research. There were also some unexpected relationships clustering species from different orders.
Inorganic pollutants in Colombian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agrosystems cause problems in the production, quality, and exportation of this raw material. There has been an increased interest in bioprospecting studies of different fungal species focused on the biosorption of heavy metals. Furthermore, fungi constitute a valuable, profitable, ecological, and efficient natural soil resource that could be considered in the integrated management of cadmium mitigation. In this study, we report a new species of Talaromyces, isolated from cocoa soil from San Vicente de Chucurí-Colombia. The characterization of the culture was performed on six different standardized media and was distinguished by characteristic colony morphology: biverticillate and monoverticillate penicilli, acerose phialides, and slightly globose smooth-walled conidia. Culture was featured by bright yellow mycelium in young culture on CYA and CYAS medium. Colonies grew faster on Malt and Oat agar, attaining 36 and 32 mm diameter after seven days at 20 ºC. High acid production on CREA medium at 20-30 ºC was observed. Phylogenetic analysis was based on the ITS region and the RPB2, Calmodulin (CaM) and β-Tubulin genes that indicate that it is new to science and is named Talaromyces santanderensis sp. nov. This new species belongs to the Talaromyces section and is closely related to T. lentulus and related to T. soli, T. tumuli and T. pratensis (inside the T. pinophilus species complex) in the inferred phylogeny. Mycelia growth of the fungal strains was subjected to a range of 0-400 ppm Cd and incorporated into malt extract agar (MEA) in triplicates. Fungal radial growth was recorded every three days over a 13-days incubation period and In vitro cadmium tolerance tests showed a high tolerance index = 0,81 when the mycelium was exposed to 300 ppm of Cd. Results suggest T. santanderensis showed tolerance to Cd concentrations that exceed the permissible limits for contaminated soils, and it is promising for its use in bioremediation strategies to eliminate Cd from highly contaminated agricultural soils.
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