Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a fusion manufacturing process in which the heat energy of an electric arc is employed for melting the electrodes and depositing material layers for wall formation or for simultaneously cladding two materials in order to form a composite structure. This directed energy deposition-arc (DED-arc) method is advantageous and efficient as it produces large parts with structural integrity due to the high deposition rates, reduced wastage of raw material, and low consumption of energy in comparison with the conventional joining processes and other additive manufacturing technologies. These features have resulted in a constant and continuous increase in interest in this modern manufacturing technique which demands further studies to promote new industrial applications. The high demand for WAAM in aerospace, automobile, nuclear, moulds, and dies industries demonstrates compatibility and reflects comprehensiveness. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the evolution, development, and state of the art of WAAM for non-ferrous materials. Key research observations and inferences from the literature reports regarding the WAAM applications, methods employed, process parameter control, optimization and process limitations, as well as mechanical and metallurgical behavior of materials have been analyzed and synthetically discussed in this paper. Information concerning constraints and enhancements of the wire arc additive manufacturing processes to be considered in terms of wider industrial applicability is also presented in the last part of this paper.
The research focused on the elaboration of the Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) for the optimization of Smart Manufacturing Processes (SMP) using three types of condition monitoring (CM). The paper presents some considerations regarding the Smart Manufacturing Processes (SMP), especially focused on the Additive Manufacturing (AM) process, by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology and the way in which the CM and mathematical and probabilistic models can be used, for achieving CBM. The experiments focused on testing three different types of CM: vibration (by vibrometers), sound (by sound level meters) and temperature (by thermal camera and infrared thermography). The experiments and results were analysed, data were processed and a probabilistic model was designed, based on statistical methods, using features/key indicators and their thresholds values. Furthermore, a specific model based on Bayesian network was developed, for achieving CBM of the SMP, specifically to the AM/FDM process. This technique and approach can represent a successful integration of a large number of data monitoring sets and complex modelling and analysis capabilities which can lead in the end to an optimisation of the SMP.
Health and the access to medical services are key factors in the functioning of a sustainable society. In order to provide access to medical and health services, in the conditions of digitalization and implementation of ITC technologies, it is necessary to innovate and achieve synergies between digital and medical technologies. Digitization, innovation and research should be complementary fi elds that represent the engines of a modern digital economy. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to perform an analysis on the online medical systems, both nationally and internationally. This analysis aims to identify the technologies and tools for information and prevention, existing ICT products in the medical fi eld and online medical platforms from Romania and abroad. The main aspects identifi ed in the analysis will represent the premises for designing an innovative online platform, which will aim to increase the visibility of scientifi c information, facilitate access to medical materials and provide personalized digital medical services, created by members of the innovative cluster network „For Health Dunarea de Jos”, existing in the South-East region of Romania.
The development of welding technologies and techniques used for advanced materials joining should be closely linked with the design and development of equipment and also with the expectations of end-users involved in the cutting-edge manufacturing engineering. In order to reach this objective, the researchers, developers and producers should work together for designing new welding processes, technologies and equipment that meet the requirements of productivity and cost-effective manufacturing processes. Combining the multiple-arc & multi-process welding solutions, the system presented in this paper was designed to perform longitudinal butt and fillet welds of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels plates of medium and large thickness, frequently encountered in shipbuilding, oil and gas onshore and offshore industries. The welding system can be easily used for achieving long seams specific to complex ship blocks or sections, pipelines sections, beams, girders and stringers for railway wagons. Based on the modularity concept, the architecture of this innovative welding system was designed as a structure of multiple interchangeable slides, used for positioning and assembling the welding heads typical for gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding and Laser welding processes. Due to its versatility, adaptability and functionality, the system allows end-users to select the suitable combination of welding processes, in order to obtain butt and fillet HSLA steels welded joints. By controlling and monitoring the process parameters in real time, significant advantages such as weld geometry, high deposition rate and high penetration and, consequently, improved productivity, controlled cooling rate and, hence, reduced stress and strain are achieved. Due to its modularity and versatility, the system can be successfully used in different industrial applications, in several combinations of GMAW, SAW and LASER-hybrid welding processes, for joining of similar and dissimilar materials.
The most used joining process in industry today is the electric arc welding, EAW. After recalling the principle of the process, the authors present that development of EAW in the last half century is mainly due to the mechanization and automation. Earlier only rigid-type automation forms were used, for highly repetitive mass production – but later the industry requests demanded to find flexible forms of automation, capable of providing a diversified production based on welding and its related processes. Ways are then exemplified concerning mechanization of processes currently used in the industrial field: driving devices for the welding head having one or more axes, simple and complex rotation movements etc. The authors present both important developments of the essential components of EAW robotic systems, as well for robots and for welding equipment, developments that brought these systems to the current levels. The paper also proposes a new concept of programming robotic arc welding systems, consisting in maintaining the two arc ends on both TCP’s, one of the robot and the other of the workpiece. Then modern control methods developed for the welding process are described: programming the evolution of arc parameters in relation to the time; controlling of variation limits and directing the transfer of metal and energy through the arc. Finally, some examples and applications of robotized arc welding and related processes are presented.
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