While α-MnO2 has been intensively studied for
zinc batteries, δ-MnO2 is usually believed to be
more suitable for ion storage with its layered structure. Unfortunately,
the extraordinary Zn ion storage performance that δ-MnO2 should exhibit has not yet been achieved due to the frustrating
structural degradation during charge–discharge cycles. Here,
we found the Na ion and water molecules pre-intercalation can effectively
activate stable Zn ion storage of δ-MnO2. Our results
reveal that the resulted Zn//pre-intercalated δ-MnO2 battery delivers an extraordinarily high-rate performance, with
a high capacity of 278 mAh g–1 at 1 C and up to
20 C, and a high capacity of 106 mAh g–1 can still
be measured. The capacity retention is as high as 98% after charged–discharged
up to 10,000 cycles benefiting from smooth Zn ion diffusion in the
pre-intercalated structure. Further
in situ
/ex situ characterization confirms the
superfast Zn ion diffusion in the pre-intercalated structure at room
temperature. In addition, utilizing the well-chosen electrode material
and modified polyurethane shell, we fabricated a quasi-solid-state
healable Zn-δ-MnO2, which can be self-healed after
multiple catastrophic damages, emphasizing the advanced features of
aqueous Zn ion battery for wearable applications.
High intensity ultrasonic (HUS, 20 kHz, 400 W) pre-treatments of soybean protein isolate (SPI) improved the water holding capacity (WHC), gel strength and gel firmness (final elastic moduli) of glucono-δ-lactone induced SPI gels (GISG). Sonication time (0, 5, 20, and 40 min) had a significant effect on the above three properties. 20 min HUS-GISG had the highest WHC (95.53 ± 0.25%), gel strength (60.90 ± 2.87 g) and gel firmness (96340Pa), compared with other samples. Moreover, SH groups and non-covalent interactions of GISG also changed after HUS pre-treatments. The HUS GISG had denser and more uniform microstructures than the untreated GISG. Rheological investments showed that the cooling step (reduce the temperature from 95 to 25 °C at a speed of 2 °C/min) was more important for the HUS GISG network formation while the heat preservation step (keep temperature at 95 for 20 min) was more important for the untreated GISG. HUS reduced the particle size of SPI and Pearson correlation test showed that the particle size of SPI dispersions was negatively correlated with WHC, gel strength and gel firmness.
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