Antibiotics (Ab), antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and bovine gastrointestinal and commensal bacteria (BGCB) have been detected and quantified in the airborne PM emitted from beef cattle feed yards (PM‐FY) (Environmental Health Perspectives. 123(4)337–343). Through the pathogenicity of BGCB detected in the PM‐FY, correlation of PM‐FY induced infectious diseases (morbidity/mortality data) across the globe (Clinical Infectious Diseases 33(3):364–9 September 2001; Environmental science & technology. 2014; 48(14):7825–32. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(18):5649–54. PLoS Medicine13(3):e1001974 · March 2016; BMC Infectious Diseases 17(1):207 · March 2017; ) and central plains of the United States by CDC&P, are truant, a hypothetical scheme is presented to limit the impact of emerging PM‐FY mediated AR‐HuP induced ARP, is presented. Determine the pathogenicity of bacteria derive from PM‐FY, obtain the ARG sequence from PM‐FY derived pathogenic bacteria, determine the sequence similarity, define/refine the common ARG motif (CARGM) across the spectrum of AR‐HuP, with the antibiotic‐resistant human pathogens (AR‐HuP). Determine the culture sensitivity of the BGCB; generate the antibiogram, subsequently followed by the Antibiotic Time Out (ATO). Consequently, generate and implement an antibiotic treatment therapy plan minimizing the polypharmacy. Taken together, this approach shall eventually mitigate the PM‐FY derived BGCB –AR‐HuP induced ARP. For early detection of the ARP, CARGM could be utilized as a diagnostic instrument in the clinical screening across the globe. This would enable the timely detection of the spread of AR‐HuP in real time with reasonable specificity in terms of county, city, state and region, country, and continent, to determine the endemic, epidemic and pandemic patterns of emerging specific infectious diseases. Systematic universal implementation of the aforesaid protocol would plausibly minimize the horizontal/lateral transfer (Res Microbiol. 2015 Sep;166(7):594–600; Front Microbiol. 2016 Feb 19;7:173; Chemosphere. 2016 May;150:702–14 ; Crit Rev Microbiol. 2016;42(1):17–30; Front Microbiol. 2016 Dec 15;7:1983.) of ARG to nonpathogenic commensal microbes. Synchronizing the standards of antibiotics use in the food animal production in U.S along with the rest of the world where strict/limitation of antibiotics usage is successfully implemented would further enhance the chances of success in this endeavor (Global Health. 2013 Oct 16; 9:48; Kimberly Ann Elliott, Charles Kenny, and Janeen Madan. 2017. “A Global Treaty to Reduce Antimicrobial Use in Livestock.” http://www.cgdev.org/publication/global‐treaty‐reduce‐antimicrobial‐use‐livestock). Calves are imported from Mexico for food animal production in Texas (Parts) where the antibiotics used in food animal production remain a speculation. With a unifying universal regulatory guideline adopted on AB usage in food animal production, it is likely that interweaving ecological interactions that govern the spread of antibiotic resistance shall be eliminated or minimized. Furthermore, the spread of antibiotic resistance genes through human travel or trading of animal products between nations may make instituted regulatory policies of some countries less effective. Taken together, mitigation of impending AR‐HuP induced ARP is still a resounding goal before it floors a path for sixth mass extinction, provided it is a concerted global effort.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds by SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A hypothetical scheme is presented to delineate the plausible cause for the slump of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) ‐ Cas9: “CRISPR‐associated protein 9”) labyrinthine gene editing of ARGR would gleam a catastrophic augmentation leading to an evolution of virulent bacterial pathogen(s) dithering sensitivity to antibiotics, impairing the effective treatment of antibiotic resistance bacterial pathogens induced sepsis, exacerbating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) unto antibiotic resistance pandemic (ARP). Given the fact that AR is developmental malady enthralling intensive critical care inclusive of fluid resuscitation in a clinical emergency (patient cohort of sepsis treated with EGDT trial NCT01663701 resulting in‐hospital mortality.) A comparative model as intricate as CRISPR‐Cas‐9, while as sacrosanct as Chakravyūha: Chakra (spinning wheel), a strategy: (“vyuh”), with the lotus flowerets (Padmavyuh) made of seven circular paths characteristic of constant movement to that of a spiral down pattern of clustered regularly interspaced paths to the center core with strongest forces to mount resistance compare to that of the first layer with entrance ( Exhibit B1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oy3Qzt74V6Q; Exhibit B2: https://youtu.be/hHc705uTOWc) was analyzed to derive an imperative of gene editing and its amelioration of antibiotic resistance. As suggested by the presenters, the formulation to break Chakravyūha is to increase the deployment of force in the following format per each path: force deployment per path would be 1/7 = 0.142857 where the denominator = total paths; whereas numerator is the specific number of path in the Chakravyūha. Therefore for path one force required to break and/or to overcome the resistance is = 1/7 = 0.142857142857; for path two = 0.142857 × 2 = 0.28571142857; for path three 0.142857 × 3= 0.428571142857; for path four 0.142857 × 4= 0.57142857142857; for path five = 0.142857 × 5 = 0.7142857142857; for path 0.142857 × 6 = 0.857142857142857; for path seven = 0.142857 × 7 = 0.857142857142857; and path seven @ core = 0.142857 × 7 = 0.999999142857 considered rounding off to 1. The unique six digits, 142857 is repeated among all paths similar to the basis of gene editing compare the Exhibit A: time 0.55 – 3.50 min; to that of the Exhibit B1: time:6.11 – 7.25 min & 2: Exhibit B2 time 5.51 – 7.25 for mitigating the AR by targeting and editing of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in ARGR would lead an increased inactivation of preexisting ARG conferring sensitivity to antibiotics benefiting the antibiotic therapy but not clinically evolving AR which is predominantly regulated by infection specific antibiotic regimen of a patient’s life span tacit of multifactorial inclusive of exposure to multitude AR bacteria (ARB) at different stages of life span, and patient specific clinical history. Treatment options where in which inherent off target errors of gene editing by CRISPR‐Cas9’s and inability to match the rate of commission versus correction [t...
To determine the probability and its impact of PM from coal mining industry on Commensal Microbial Genome consequential antibiotic resistance (AR), a guided field trip to the North American Coal Corporation – Camino Real Fuels, LLC, Eagle Pass (CRF‐EP), has been completed. The established and implemented BMP at CRF‐EP mitigate and/or minimize the PM and its role in sustainability of soil, water, air and biodiversity are presented here. Air Monitoring Stations are placed throughout the site to analyze the quality, wind flow direction, barometer pressure, also ambient temperature. The air monitors collect data for 24 hours, every 6 days. A meteorological station is set up to collect data every 15 minutes. First, they do the mining to rescue and relocate the wildlife to areas evaluated then approved as receptor sites. Secondly, they clear the area then remove the topsoil and the subsoil. Then the process of drilling and breaking the overburden. The overburden is loaded into haul trucks until the layers of coal are visible, clearing the overburden from the site using the dozer to move it to the old pit where it was. Once the topsoil is removed, then the subsoil, which is about four feet under, then the overburden to get to the surface of the coal scene. When all the layers of coal are loaded and are taken out, they take it through haul trucks so it can be transported to dump sites for final disposal. Next, they take it to the coal preparation plant which is a facility that washes coal of soil and rock. Once it is washed, they crush it into graded sized chunks so it can be easy to handle and prepared for proper discharge to transport to market. At last, the coal is loaded into train cranes to be sent back to Mexico, the staff members explained it takes about eight hours to load and it is done every 24 to 36 hours. After all that process is finished, they start by covering the area the way it was taken out. The environmental group goes and starts the seeding in order for the final stage, which is the reclamation plan, to take effect. The land is restored from the whole mining process for the vegetation to go back to its natural state. With the growth in depth of mines, the movement and the spreading of particulate matter (PM) are very difficult to see due to wrong ventilation. The water that is found near the coal mines, also known as surface water control, help in suppressing the dust. With the dust suppressed, it is no longer able to contaminate the atmosphere. By reclaiming the land used in the coal mining process, the landowners will be able to have their lands back just as if nothing ever happened. Just as important as the reclamation stage of the coal mining process, the mining company also has strict regulations in place in order to minimize the impact the operation has in the surrounding environment. In this site they use trucks using a water mister to control and minimize the dust so that no particulate matter is formed. Once the coal has been removed, a Reclamation Plan is then followed. This plan (or timeline) is used to set goals to accomplish final bond release. The post‐mine conditions are monitored over a period of 10 years and are compared with the baseline conditions. As pointed out by the professional representing the CRF, it has complied with all regulatory criteria. Taken together, CRF‐EP demonstrated that the probability of formation and dissemination of PM from the mining site is minimum as monitored by vigilant internal measures and as well the city, state, and federal agencies.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Based on the analysis of clinical mycology data on treatment of fungal infection, following preventive measures are suggested to avoid the use of Antibiotics for treating primary Fungal Infection(s): a. Clinical diagnosis matching the microbial sensitivity assay specific for fungal infections data confirmed and reviewed by pharmacists; b. Mandatory implementation of ATO across the globe in particular Intensive Care Unit, (ICU) & Emergency Room (ER) and infectious diseases ward; c. Cessation of antibiotic prophylactic therapy in the surgical ward, ICU, ER unless a team of a pharmacist, clinical microbiologist, and physician with infectious disease specialization to provide mandatory evaluation of need and beneficial impact analysis report to the attending physician with appropriate guidelines for the treatment option, d. mandatory antibiogram (preparation and analysis) from the antibiotic culture sensitivity of specimens from primary infection, during the treatment progressions and also secondary infection during the post‐surgical treatment, e. confirmation with data on file delineating accurate diagnosis whether bacterial/fungal/secondary infection) prior to administration of broad‐spectrum antibiotics, f. periodic review of colonization pressure in the concerned health care facility, g. global effort to implement medical testing technology for clinical microbiology lab diagnostic tool for identification and characterization of bacterial vs. fungal infections in particular third world countries; h: increase the awareness across the globe on the need for differential diagnosis on the fungal infection, bacterial infections (primary vs secondary), appropriate use of antifungal vs. antibacterial vs. antiviral vs. anti‐parasitic vs. anti‐helminthic infections among the third world countries, i. monitoring the use of antifungal pesticides in agricultural practices, j. analysis of particulate matter (PM) in the air quality for residual fungicides and determination of fungicides in the soil, water and plants( during the development and after harvesting), k. Establish and implement an effective strategy to rule out the, “Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacterium”(ARB). as per the need during the primary, secondary and pre‐surgery, post‐surgery treatment. l. Antibiogram based differential diagnosis of fungal vs. bacteria including sepsis/septicemia/septic shock; smear‐negative pulmonary tuberculosis must be tested for aspergillosis; differential diagnosis of fungal asthma, invasive aspergillosis with a comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV‐positive patients; universal availability of nonculture fungal diagnostics, m. universal adoption of “Antibiotic Time Out” (ATO) prior to definitive diagnosis of bacterial (culture sensitivity assay, n. Establishment of Clinical Patterns: Primary resistance (organisms never exposed in that host to the drug of interest)/Secondary resistance, (acquired resistance, arises only after exposure of the organism to the drug)/Intrinsic resistance ( resistance of all or almost all isolates of one species to a certain drug)/Clinical resistance; o. global moratorium on the practice of empirical antibacterial/antifungal therapy including topical application of antibacterial/antifungal and also in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Taken together, adopting the aforesaid measure would plausibly mitigate the Ab‐AF:RP.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds by SWTJC to Subburaj Kannan.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
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