The international trade in plants for planting (P4Ps) is a major pathway for the introduction of plant pests. The global trade in P4Ps is both voluminous and highly diverse, but there is little detailed knowledge about its diversity and dynamics. This makes it difficult to assess the risks associated with this trade and to prioritise high-risk commodities (genus-origin combinations) for detailed inspection or regulation. Using the ISEFOR database, this paper describes the diversity and dynamics of P4P imports into the EU, based on genus-level data for lots imported into fourteen Member States that provided this data for different periods between 2005 and 2014, totalling over 30Bn plants and over 7500 commodities. There was great variety, as well as complementarity, in terms of the imported genera, origins and commodities among the countries. Two-thirds of the imported commodities changed every year. Based on the 10-year data from the Netherlands, the greatest importer of live plants in the dataset, we developed a risk categorisation approach for prioritising the highest risk commodities, based on risk associated information concerning the imported genus and the history of trade with respect to the exporting countries, genera and type of plant material traded. Application of this risk categorisation led to the identification of a modest number of commodities that represent elevated risk, to which more inspection resources can be allocated Guest Editors: Andrew Liebhold, Eckehard Brockerhoff and Martin Nuñez / Special issue on Biological Invasions in Forests prepared by a task force of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO).
Phytosanitary import inspections are important to avoid entry of harmful pests on live plants. In the European Union (EU), all consignments of live plants must be inspected at the first point of entry, and plants allowed entry can be moved without further inspection among the 28 Member States and Switzerland. It is important that inspections in EU countries adhere to the same standard to avoid introduction of harmful organisms through countries with weaker methods. We tested whether sampling intensity and confidence in the inspection results were the same across these countries. Questionnaires were sent to inspectors in all countries, asking about inspections of individual consignments of woody plants for planting. Data about 102 lots, inspected at 13 points of entry in six countries, were analyzed. We used hypergeometric and binomial statistics for small and large consignments, respectively, to calculate the probability that \1 % of the plants were infested. The duration of the inspection increased with lot size, but the probability that the infestation level was below 1 % of the plants was lower for small than for large lots. Moreover, large international differences in inspection intensity and the probability that the inspections could detect a level of infestation below 1 % were found: the probability was consistently above 0.95 in one country, while the average probability was below 0.6 in the other countries. We suggest that the EU Member States adopt common maximum acceptable infestation levels and harmonized, statistics-based sampling protocols for plants for planting.
This paper proposes a framework for market share analysis that provides for a distribution effect in addition to a competitive effect on a supplier's total sales of a commodity. The framework is applied to the change in Canadian wheat exports from 1963‐64 to 1967‐68. It is estimated that 3/5 of the reduction in export volume is attributable to the distribution effect, 1/5 to the competitive effect, and 1/5 to a smaller size of wheat market. The findings caution that scope may be limited for major improvements in Canadian wheat export policy. The paper concludes with an appraisal of the analytical technique and with proposals for its extension in further investigation. Cet article expose les grandes lignes ďune méthode ďanalyse des parts de marché, faisant entrer en ligne de compte les effets de distribution et de compétition sur la rente ďun certain produit par un exporteur. La méthode est utilisee pour évaluer le changement des exportations cana‐diennes de blé, pour la période allant de 1963‐64 à 1967‐68. ďapres les estimations, on peut attribuer 3/5 de la réduction àľeffet de distribution, 1/5 à la compétition tandis que 1/5 est attribuable a la réduction du marché global du blé. Les résultats suggérent done une certaine prudence dans ľélaboration de nouvelles politiques ayant trait àľexportation de blé canadien. ľauteur termine par une évaluation de la méthode analytique, et fait quelques suggestions relatives à son usage pour des recherches futures.
The trade in plants for planting is a major pathway for the introduction and further spread of alien plants, pests and diseases. Information about the structure of plant trade networks is not generally available, but it is valuable for better assessing the potential risks associated with the trade in live plants and the development of prevention and mitigation measures and policy. The discovery of two larvae of Anoplophora chinensis (citrus longhorn beetle -CLB) in 2009, at a nursery importing Acer palmatum from China in one of the major Dutch tree nursery areas, has resulted in the creation of a detailed dataset on the intraEuropean Union trade in its potential hosts. This study describes European imports of the primary host of A. chinensis, Acer spp., into the Netherlands (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) and the effects of the finding in a tree nursery area. In addition, shipments of Acer spp. from 138 producers in the nursery area in 2009 were analysed in a one-off analysis of intra-EU trade. The volume of Acer spp. imports from Asia was stable early during the studied period, and declined to 5% of the initial imports after a period of interceptions, illustrating the effect of regulations. The number of notifications of A. chinensis infestations in imported consignments of (2015) doi: 10.3897/neobiota.26.8947 http://neobiota.pensoft.net RESEARCH ARTICLE Advancing research on alien species and biological invasions A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiotaRené Eschen et al. / NeoBiota 26: 1-20 (2015) 2 Acer spp. increased sharply in the years up to 2007, then declined as imports also reduced. Although plants were shipped to destinations throughout Europe, each producer shipped plants only to few destinations in few countries. Most of the plants were shipped to nurseries in EU countries. These patterns could make it easier to target these high risk destinations for control measures. The lack of transaction records makes it difficult to trace the destination of plants. More systematic electronic record keeping by traders and growers and the data being collated in a database that can be made available to regulatory authorities, together with further studies of plant trade data using network approaches, would be beneficial for improving trace-back and trace-forward and provide better safeguards for plant health and quality.
The objectives of this study are to identify the main factors affecting foreign countries' imports of wheat, and to interpret the implications for Candian wheat export policy. Analyses have been made if import demands of twelve countries, including four which have purchased approximately 60 percent of Canadian wheat exports during the last five years. The study focuses on methods of estimating the price elasticity of demand in the purchase of wheat by individual countries. Three models were applied: the direct, the substitution, and the market share model. The substitution model performed best and was judged to have the greatest potential for further research. Significant negative price elasticities considerably greater than unity (in absolute terms) were found for several countries, including some major importers. This suggests that there are large potential gains obtainable for Canada by decreasing price. However, unless the Wheat Board adopts multiple pricing, these gains would be at least partly offset by losses in markets which appear to be much less responsive to price. L'objectif de cette étude est ďidentifier les principaux facteurs qui affectent les importations de blé aux pays étrangers et ďévaluer la portée de ses facteurs sur la politique canadienne ďexportalion du blé. On a analysé les demandes ďimportation de 12 pays, dont quatre ont acheté prés de 60 pourcent des exportations canadiennes de blé au cours des cinq dernières années. Cette etude se concentre sur les méthodes ďestimation de I‘élasticite de demande des pays individuels. On a utilise trois modèles dit: “direct”, “substitution”, et “le portage du marché.” Le modèle “substitution” donna les meilleurs résultats et semble le plus prometteur pour de telles recherches dans I'avenir. Des élasticites négatives et significatives de prix, plus grand que ľunité (en termes absolus) ont été obtenues pour plusieurs pays incluant quelques‐uns des plus gros importateurs. Ceci nous laisse croire qu'il y aurait des possibilityée de gains accrues si le Canada réduisait ses prix. Cependant, à moins que la Commission Canadienne du Blué n'adopte une systeme de prix différentiels, ces gains seraient au moins particllemcnt réduits par des pcrtes dans ďautres marchés qui paraissent être moins sensibles aux changements des prix.
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