ATV (All-Terrain Vehicle) Small, motorized 3-or 4-wheeled vehicles specifically designed for off-road use. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) further defines an ATV as a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, and with handlebars for steering control. By the current ANSI definition, it is intended for use by a single operator, although a change to include 2-seaters (in tandem) is under consideration. Herein, the definition of ATV coincides with the description above and does not include passenger vehicles, including sport-utility vehicles or 4-wheel-drive jeeps. fugitive dust Dust raised by mechanical (anthropogenic) disturbance of granular material exposed to and becoming suspended in the air, then carried by wind. Arises from "nonpoint" sources-such as unpaved roads, agricultural tilling operations, aggregate storage piles, and heavy construction-rather than "point" sources-such as confined flow streams discharged to the atmosphere from a stack, vent, or pipe. indicator threshold For a given land health indicator (or set of indicators), the value(s) at or above which management action may be triggered or required. land health The condition of natural resource attributes, including soils and site stability, hydrologic function, and biotic integrity. OHV Defined herein as any civilian off-highway vehicle, including motorcycles, motorized dirt bikes, ATVs (see definition above), snowmobiles, dune buggies, 4-wheel-drive jeeps, sport-utility vehicles, and any other civilian vehicles capable of off-highway, terrestrial travel (including utility vehicles [UTVs] and ATVs with more than 4 wheels). OHV route Defined herein as any unpaved route created for OHV travel, including single-track paths or trails, two-tracks, and unimproved or improved dirt/gravel roads. Herein, this term is also applied to "rogue" (undesignated or unauthorized) routes created by OHV users in closed or limited areas. population dynamics Herein, used broadly to include wildlife or vegetation population size, density, and/or distribution (both spatial and temporal); rates of birth/germination, death, and/or survivorship; population gender/age-class structure; population genetics; and/or the rates/directions of change in all these parameters. right-of-way habitat Habitat provided within the legal description of a given transportation corridor. sink population For a given metapopulation, a population sink is a local area or habitat where the local population's reproductive rate is lower than the required replacement rate (in other words, a sink population is eventually extirpated without immigration of individuals from other areas). Population sinks often occur where there is excessive predation pressure and/or poor habitat quality. source population For a given metapopulation, a population source is a local area or habitat where the local population's reproductive rate is greater than the required replacement rate. Excess individuals produced from a source population may emigrate to j...
Playa wetlands on the west-central Great Plains of North America are vulnerable to sediment infilling from upland agriculture, putting at risk several important ecosystem services as well as essential habitats and food resources of diverse wetland-dependent biota. Climate predictions for this semi-arid area indicate reduced precipitation which may alter rates of erosion, runoff, and sedimentation of playas. We forecasted erosion rates, sediment depths, and resultant playa wetland depths across the west-central Great Plains and examined the relative roles of land use context and projected changes in precipitation in the sedimentation process. We estimated erosion with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) using historic values and downscaled precipitation predictions from three general circulation models and three emissions scenarios. We calibrated RUSLE results using field sediment measurements. RUSLE is appealing for regional scale modeling because it uses climate forecasts with monthly resolution and other widely available values including soil texture, slope and land use. Sediment accumulation rates will continue near historic levels through 2070 and will be sufficient to cause most playas (if not already filled) to fill with sediment within the next 100 years in the absence of mitigation. Land use surrounding the playa, whether grassland or tilled cropland, is more influential in sediment accumulation than climate-driven precipitation change.
Sediment accumulation threatens the viability and hydrologic functioning of many naturally formed depressional wetlands across the interior regions of North America. These wetlands provide many ecosystem services and vital habitats for diverse plant and animal communities. Climate change may further impact sediment accumulation rates in the context of current land use patterns. We estimated sediment accretion in wetlands within a region renowned for its large populations of breeding waterfowl and migrant shorebirds and examined the relative roles of precipitation and land use context in the sedimentation process. We modeled rates of sediment accumulation from 1971 through 2100 using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with a sediment delivery ratio and the Unit Stream Power Erosion Deposition model (USPED). These models predicted that by 2100, 21-33 % of wetlands filled completely with sediment and 27-46 % filled by half with sediments; estimates are consistent with measured sediment accumulation rates in the region reported by empirical studies. Sediment accumulation rates were strongly influenced by size of the catchment, greater coverage of tilled landscape within the catchment, and steeper slopes. Conservation efforts that incorporate the relative risk of infilling of wetlands with sediments, thus emphasizing areas of high topographic relief and large watersheds, may benefit wetland-dependent biota.
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