The objective of the present study was to compare three methods of cryotherapy in healthy non-pregnant women. This is a randomized controlled clinical trial that was conducted by 32 undergraduates of a private nursing college in the city of Sao Paulo, divided into three groups (iced water, soft ice, ice gel). The temperatures were verified (axillary, thigh, of the three ice packs) between zero and twenty minutes. The temperatures of the packs were the following: soft ice, from negative 9 degrees C to 2 degrees C; iced water, from 0 degrees C to 8 degrees C; and ice gel from negative 11 degrees C to 2 degrees C. There was a significant difference between the average thigh temperature values at 10 minutes (p = 0.007), 15 minutes (p = 0.003) and 20 minutes (p = 0.005). The gel was the most efficient cooling method. The three cryotherapy methods achieved the recommended temperature for analgesia and may be tested in women with perineal pain after childbirth.
Estudo descritivo com dados de dois ensaios clínicos realizados em 2008 e 2009 em uma maternidade de uma instituição filantrópica da cidade de São Paulo. Teve como objetivo descrever a temperatura perineal após a aplicação de bolsa de gelo no pós-parto normal. Três grupos com 38 puérperas cada (n=114) receberam aplicação perineal de bolsa de gelo entre 2 e 48h após o parto. Os achados indicaram que com 10 min de crioterapia as médias da temperatura perineal atingiram de 13,3 a 15,3oC, com pequena redução de temperatura ao final de aplicações de 15 e 20 minutos (2,4 e 2,7o, respectivamente). Após resfriamento por 10 min., as mulheres referiram frio e alívio e, depois de 15 a 20 min., dormência e anestesia local. Conclui-se que 10 minutos de aplicação foram suficientes para reduzir a temperatura perineal aos níveis recomendados para analgesia (10-15oC).
A survey of radiopharmaceutical usage and releases to the environment by eleven western hospitals located in San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Berkeley, California, was completed under U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) Contract No. AT(043)-907. A simplified hospital radioisotope cycle which starts with production and ends with return to man was developed. Procedures in which radioisotopes are used can generally be classified as diagnostic, therapeutic, or research, and may be in vivo or in vitro. These procedures relate to the dose, form of isotope used, and frequency of employment of these procedures and directly impacts on the type and quantitiy of waste produced. A survey of the medical uses of radiopharmaceuticals was conducted to obtain a general picture of the nature of current radioactivity uses and the routes and quantities that might be involved in release to the environment. Field studies were made of the quantity of 99mTc and 131I released to hospital sewage systems and arriving at a sewage treatment plant tributary to several of the hospitals.
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