The development of regional governance for the protection of the environment, sustainable use of natural resources and conservation of its biodiversity is unquestionably a cornerstone of international environmental law and policy. With regard to marine and coastal issues, it has mainly been taking place through Regional Seas programmes, Regional Fishery Bodies and Large Marine Ecosystems mechanisms. Based on a similar geographical approach, however, these regional mechanisms raise concerns relating to their coordination and efficiency, and possibly overlap in what they aim to achieve. This paper provides a review of existing regional oceans governance mechanisms, assessing their individual and collective capacities to move towards ecosystem-based management, and highlighting options to make the regional landscape more coherent and effective.
ISBN 978 1 78643 071 7 (cased) ISBN 978 1 78643 072 4 (eBook)
Abstract. The history ofthe relationship between man and nature, since time immemorial, sets the scene for studying issues related to sustainable development. Concepts of «carrying capacity» and «ecological impact» are not new, as is illustrated by the example of the use of water resources in Ancient Greece. The Mediterranean region is particularly sensitive to such problems, and the protection of the Mediterranean sea was one of the first results to emerge from the Stockholm Conference in 1972. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), born after the Conference, gave birth to the Mediterranean Action Plan, leading to the Barcelona Convention linking together twenty coastal states, as well as the European Union. In this framework, the Blue Plan was set up and designed to study the impacts on the environment of development and population growth. Several possible scenarios were set up, providing background material for the Earth Summit in Rio. The period between 1990 – 1995 saw the newly set up Mediterranean Commission dealing with issues relating to water (management, pollution), tourism (colonisation of natural sites, pressure on the environment) and sustainable management of coastal regions. Other points were also raised recently, such as sustainable urban development. However, this institutionalisation of environmental problems that happen at both the national and international levels, should not lead to a compromise Statement achieving nothing concrete. Indeed, the maintenance of environmental achievements and the definition of new concepts should allow sustainable development to move forward.
Ces trente dernières années, la Chine a permis à une grande partie de sa population de sortir de la pauvreté grâce au développement économique, mais au prix de lourdes répercussions sur les écosystèmes, en Chine et ailleurs. Depuis les années 1980, le gouvernement a adopté des politiques de conservation de la nature, avec l’établissement de Nature Reserves , des aires protégées ou des parcs nationaux. C’est néanmoins dans les années 2000, qu’une prise de conscience plus prononcée s’opère, centrée d’abord sur les enjeux de pollution, puis, dans les années 2010, sur la promotion d’une approche intégrée de la gestion des écosystèmes. L’ Ecological Protection Red Line ‒ concept mis en œuvre depuis 2011 ‒ entend répondre aux conflits entre développement agricole, urbain et industriel, et protection des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité. Alors que la Chine se prépare à accueillir la COP15 de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB), nos souhaitons dans cet article resituer la place de l’ ecological redlining dans le développement des politiques de biodiversité en Chine, et ce dans le contexte plus large de l’effort de planification spatiale en cours à l’échelle du pays. Nous conclurons en nous interrogeant sur la place que ces approches peuvent tenir dans les discussions sur la route de la COP15.
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