Este artigo discute o papel da proximidade territorial no processo de desenvolvimento produtivo e inovativo de empresas inseridas em aglomerações produtivas locais. A principal hipótese utilizada é de que a inserção de micro e pequenas empresas em aglomerações produtivas proporcionam vantagens competitivas que potencializam as condições de crescimento e de desempenho. Com o objetivo de identificar e apontar evidências empíricas a propósito das questões discutidas no plano teórico, o trabalho conta ainda com um estudo de caso de uma experiência de aglomeração de empresas no município de Ilhéus, localizado na região Sul do Estado da Bahia - a aglomeração produtiva do Pólo de Informática de Ilhéus (pii). Com base nesse estudo de caso discutem-se as características e a funcionalidade dessa aglomeração produtiva a partir da noção de sistema e arranjo produtivo local. Após verificar as características de um arranjo e sistema produtivo local e as principais características do pii, chega-se à conclusão de que o mesmo pode ser caracterizado apenas como um arranjo produtivo local, pelo caráter incipiente e frágil das relações de cooperação entre os agentes. Neste caso, o pii não teria propriamente um estatuto de sistema produtivo local.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a desigualdade no acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde no município de Senhor do Bonfim (BA). O método utilizado é o "benefit incidence", ou incidência de benefício, que permite identificar quais os grupos sociais que se beneficiam dos gastos do Governo. A incidência de benefício no município de Senhor do Bonfim, para 2003, foi estimada por grupos da população previamente definidos (renda, gênero e cor da pele), com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de iniqüidade dos gastos públicos em saúde. Os gastos públicos foram desagregados por nível de complexidade. Combinando os dados referentes aos subsídios com os resultados da pesquisa domiciliar, observou-se iniqüidade da distribuição dos gastos públicos com saúde em Senhor do Bonfim.
Introduction Aplastic anemia (AA) is perceived as an immune mediated disease where T-lymphocytes recognize and destroy bone marrow elements leading to varying degrees of failure of hematopoiesis. Many autoimmune diseases have been linked to certain HLA alleles and such a relationship has been also been reported in AA. Expansion of CD8+ oligoclones has been reported in AA and likely contributes to pathogenesis. However, the interaction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their targets mediated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II peptides remain elusive. Thus, it has been speculated that polymorphic loci of these genes could be implicated in the susceptibility to the disease. Various alleles and haplotypes of HLA molecules have been implicated in the predisposition of AA development. The influence of HLA has been studied in North America, European and Asian countries. Data from Latin America, where there is a large mixture of Hispanic, European, and African descendants, is still lacking. This study focuses on the association between HLA alleles in AA patients in different regions of Brazil with particular ethnic groups. Patients and methods From 2000 to 2013, all patients with a diagnosis of acquired AA in the Brazilian state of Bahia (BA) followed at the Federal University of Bahia Hospital/ Foundation Hemoba who tested the HLA typing were included, totaling 215 patients. In this northeast region there is a predominance of African descendant (25% white, 75% brown/black). The genes in the analysis included HLA A, B, DR and DQ. SPSS was used to statistical calculations. Qui-square test/Fisher test were using the p-value correction of Bonferroni (p significant <0,0016) for comparison of genetic varieties.The HLA of patients with acquired AA Bahia (n = 215) were compared to the control group (3680 healthy non-related bone marrow volunteers donors from Bahia). To address regional differences within the country we also analyzed the HLA of AA patients (n = 344) from the State of Paraná located in the southern portion of the country and is characterized by a diverse ethnic mixture (71.3% white and 27% black/brown). Thus, we compared the findings of HLA associated with acquired AA in the two states, Bahia (northeast region) and Parana( south region). Of those statistically associated with AA (p<0,0016), we considered HLA clinically relevant only those present in at least 10% of cases and/or controls. Results From the 559 AA patients analysed, 45,1% were women, and 54.9% were men.The mean age was 23.4 (± 12.3). Among the HLA antigens with OR of risk or protection only HLA DR15 and B15, were significant, respectively (in both populations: Bahia and Parana). Identified as a risk factor for development of AA, HLA DR15 was found in 41.6% of patients (Bahia) versus 24% in controls (OR: 2.23 - CI: 1.68 to 2.9) (p <0.0001). As protective factor for AA development the HLA B15 was found in only 6% of patients (Bahia) versus 21.3% of controls (OR: 0.213, CI 0.12 to 0.370) (p <0.0001). A stratified analysis was conducted to assess the presence of interaction between the antigens DR15 and B15 in AA patients. When analyzing synergistically, the effects of HLA DR15 and B15, we observed that, in the AA group, the positivity of DR15+ of 41,6% falls significantly to 14,8%, when concurrently with the presence of B15+. The AA risk factor of HLA DR15+ loses its statistical risk power in presence of B15+. The incidence of B15+ patients (6% in AA patients) falls to 4% in the presence of DR15 negativity (p=ns). Conclusion We observed in 2 large AA cohorts (totaling 559 patients) from very distinct ethnic regions of Brazil, that, in both, HLA DR15 positivity was associated with a higher risk of disease, while B15 positivity was associated with a lesser likelihood of developing AA. The synergic combination of these alleles appears to be further associated with AA development. New studies analyzing synergic effect between HLA antigens/alleles should be conducted in immuno-mediated diseases. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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