Turning to the examples of Demosthenes and Alexander, this article looks at the ideological uses of Hellenism, not only in the general sense of the word, but also in Droysen's sense of Hellenismus (referring to the historical epoch that runs from Alexander the Great to Augustus, now loosely termed the ‘Hellenistic era’ in English). The reviews of Werner Jaeger's study of Demosthenes were symptomatic of wider currents in the history of European thought and politics. Thus, Jaeger's book was condemned by National Socialists and Fascists, who favoured Droysen's conception of a world historical figure, and who therefore strongly praised men such as Alexander the Great and Philip over Demosthenes and his ‘dubious’ politics.
Les canons 8 et 9 du IVe concile de Constantinople permettent d' affirmer, contrairement à l'opinion de certains modernes, l'existence d'un cercle de lecteurs auprès de Photius, avant l'accession de ce dernier au patriarcat, et même lorsqu'il était patriarche.
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