The findings indicate that maternal age, parity, primary caregiver status and duration of post-partum depression are associated with the language development of the child.

Lower education levels and psychiatric disorders are associated with suicide risk. Bipolar disorder is the psychiatric disorder with the highest impact on suicide risk.

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ObjectiveTo assess the associations of birthweight, nutritional status and growth in childhood with IQ, years of schooling, and monthly income at 30 years of age.Study designIn 1982, the 5 maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Brazil, were visited daily and 5914 live births were identified. At 30 years of age, 3701 subjects were interviewed. IQ, years of schooling, and income were measured.ResultsOn average, their IQ was 98 points, they had 11.4 years of schooling, and the mean income was 1593 reais. After controlling for several confounders, birthweight and attained weight and length/height for age at 2 and 4 years of age were associated positively with IQ, years of years of schooling, and income, except for the association between length at 2 years of age and income. Conditional growth analyses were used to disentangle linear growth from relative weight gain. Conditional length at 2 years of age ≥1 SD score above the expected value, compared with ≥1 SD below the expected, was associated with an increase in IQ (4.28 points; 95% CI, 2.66-5.90), years of schooling (1.58 years; 95% CI, 1.08-2.08), and monthly income (303 Brazilian reais; 95% CI, 44-563). Relative weight gain, above what would be expected from linear growth, was not associated with the outcomes.ConclusionIn a middle-income setting, promotion of linear growth in the first 1000 days of life is likely to increase adult IQ, years of schooling, and income. Weight gain in excess of what is expected from linear growth does not seem to improve human capital.

Aim To investigate the association between depression and periodontitis among adults enrolled in the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil. Materials and methods Major depressive episode (MDE) and severity of depressive symptoms obtained in 2012 were considered the exposure of this study. In 2013, periodontitis, the outcome of interest, was clinically assessed and two different case definitions were used: the CDC/AAP and a combination of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) simultaneously. Serum levels of C‐reactive protein and frequency of dental flossing were defined as mediators while confounders comprised a set of variables collected throughout the life‐course of the participants. The parametric g‐formula was used to test the direct, indirect and total effects of depression on periodontitis. Results 539 participants were clinically examined. Individuals with depressive symptoms presented higher risk of periodontitis (risk ratio [RR] 1.19). The presence of depressive symptoms was also associated with moderate/severe periodontitis (total effect RR 1.18). None of the associations was mediated by flossing or C‐reactive protein levels. Finally, neither the presence of depressive symptoms nor the presence of major depression was associated with the combination of CAL+BOP. Conclusions A positive association between depressive symptoms and periodontitis and moderate/severe periodontitis was found. MDE was not associated with periodontitis.