PURPOSE:To propose a simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation skills' training program, during residency.
METHODS:This study describes the strategies for learning the ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation on low-fidelity bench models. The preparation of bench models, educational goals, processes of skill acquisition, feedback and evaluation methods were also outlined. The training program was based on key references to the subject.
RESULTS:It was formulated a simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation teaching program on low-fidelity bench models.
CONCLUSION:A simulation-based inexpensive, low-stress, no-risk learning program on low-fidelity bench models was proposed to facilitate acquisition of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation skills by residents-in-training before exposure to the living patient.
Connections among Intra Uterine Devices (IUD), Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) still bring doubts for health professionals; Our goal is to understand better these associations. We searched the PubMed database for articles including evidence about these topics. A common outcome found is the superiority of levonorgestrel (LNG) IUD over NOVA T (copper) device regarding clinical performance and PID rates. The modern IUDs do not elevate the risk of getting PID; however this risk is higher when a patient has a STI at the time she gets an IUD. It is wise requiring a STI test, principally for cervicitis, before placing an IUD. The epidemiologic data suggests this management mainly for woman with a new sexual partner, or with multiple sexual partners, and under age 25. It is also correct inserting an IUD and test for STI at the same day: if positive results come, antibiotics can be used. Old papers usually show a higher risk for PID in IUD users, an outcome not found in recent researches that have improved methodology and therefore are more reliable. However, the investigation concerning the STI and cervicitis remain as an important point to investigate before decision to IUD use.
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