OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação dos fatores sociodemográficos e estilo de vida com o hábito de fumar em gestantes atendidas em hospitais. MÉTODOS: O delineamento foi o de um estudo transversal. A amostra foi composta por 5.539 gestantes atendidas em ambulatórios de pré-natal em hospitais públicos credenciados nas cidades de Manaus, Fortaleza, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Porto Alegre, entre 1991 e 1995. A seleção foi consecutiva para todas as gestantes com 20 anos ou mais de idade, excetuando-se aquelas com diabetes prévia à gestação. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e entrevistas entre a 21ª e a 28ª semanas da gravidez. Por meio de um questionário padronizado, considerou-se como fumante quem informou fumar um ou mais cigarros por dia, como ex-fumante quem informou ter fumado mais de um cigarro por dia e ter cessado, e não fumantes quem informou nunca ter fumado um ou mais cigarros por dia. RESULTADOS: O hábito de fumar na gestação associou-se à baixa escolaridade (RC=2,13; IC 95%: 1,76-2,57) e paridade (RC=1,84; IC 95%: 1,53-2,21). Para o aumento da idade da gestante e uso de bebidas alcóolicas também foram observadas associações positivas com o fumo na gestação. Não foi observada nenhuma associação significativa entre cor da pele e situação ocupacional com fumo na gestação. Um efeito protetor foi observado para mulheres casadas ou com companheiro (RC=0,55; IC 95%: 0,42-0,72). Entre as cidades, tomando Manaus como referência, Porto Alegre apresentou o maior risco para fumo na gestação (RC=5,00; IC 95%: 3,35-7,38), seguida de São Paulo (RC=3,42; IC 95%: 2,25-5,20), Rio de Janeiro (RC=2,53; IC 95%: 1,65-3,88) e Fortaleza (RC=2,56; IC95%: 1,74-3,78). CONCLUSÕES: Os achados são semelhantes àqueles descritos na literatura com relação à escolaridade, paridade e situação conjugal. Entretanto, nenhuma associação com a cor da pele foi observada na análise multivariada. As ex-fumantes mostraram características sociodemográficas mais próximas das não fumantes do que das fumantes.

The massive response to the campaign attests to the potential that this type of program has to raise diabetes awareness and to set the stage for capacity-building at the primary care level.

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is not only a problem of adulthood but is already present in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MetS in adolescents and to identify the associated factors.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with 354 overweight and obese school-aged adolescents (10–19 years). Sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and lifestyle variables were collected. MetS was identified according to the criteria proposed by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between risk variables and MetS.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 9.6%. Among adolescents with MetS, all of them had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), while 76.5% had hyperglycemia and 38.2% had hypertriglyceridemia. Only 12.1% did not present any component of MetS, while 40% had at least two components. Multivariate analysis showed that being a girl was a protective factor (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29, confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.65) for the presence of MetS, while obesity (OR = 3.63, CI = 1.62–8.17) and being insufficiently active (OR = 4.60, CI = 1.01–20.96) were the risk factors for MetS.ConclusionsObese and insufficiently active male adolescents are more likely to have MetS. Early identification of MetS components, especially among obese adolescents, is an important tool for the prevention of cardiovascular complications in adult life.

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Objective: To evaluate the age at menarche of girls, with or without weight excess, attending private and public schools in a city in Southeastern Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study comparing the age at menarche of 750 girls from private schools with 921 students from public schools, aged between 7 and 18 years. The menarche was reported by the status quo method and age at menarche was estimated by logarithmic transformation. The girls were grouped according to body mass index (BMI) cut-off points: (thin + normal) and (overweight + obesity). In order to ensure that they belonged to different strata, 328 parents of these schools answered a questionnaire to rate the student's socioeconomic level.Results: Menarche was reported by 883 girls. Although they belonged to different classes (p < 0.001), there was no difference in the nutritional diagnosis (p = 0.104) between them. There was also no difference in age at menarche between the girls studying in private (12.1 years, 95% CI: 12.0-12.2) and public schools (12.2 years, 95% CI:12.1-12.3; p = 0.383). When evaluated by nutritional status, there was difference only in the age at menarche between girls from private schools with excess weight and without excess weight (11.6 and 12.3 years; p < 0.001). The girls with excess weight attending private schools also had earlier an menarche than those attending public schools (respectively, 11.6 and 12.1 years; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Although the students from private schools belonged to a higher socioeconomic status, there is currently no longer a large gap between them and girls from public schools regarding nutritional and socioeconomic factors that may influence the age at menarche. ଝ Como citar este artigo: Castilho SD, Nucci LB. Age at menarche in schoolgirls with and without excess weight. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015;91:75---80.

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