Sociodemographic determinants of depression in the general population are well established 1 (Table 1). Depression is more prevalent among women, younger adults, separated or divorced compared with married or cohabiting, and white and Native American adults compared with African American, Asian American, or Hispanic adults. Studies have found an association between depression and lower income and unemployment.Much less is known about the sociodemographic correlates for depression in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) (Table 2). Studies evaluating risk factors in patients with CLD have several limitations, such as narrowly evaluating depression prevalence and risk factors in one specific etiology for CLD, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition, there lies general limitations to studies evaluating sociodemographic risk factors for depression, such as small patient populations, various scales for depression, and selfreporting. Several large studies link depression and poor health-related quality of life in patients with CLD, 2-4 but the sociodemographic factors are not always elucidated for those with depression in these reports.In this review, we present the current literature evaluating sociodemographic risk factors for depression in patients with CLD and consistencies, or inconsistencies, compared with the general population. Although interconnected, other nondemographic risk factors for depression, such as substance abuse, alcohol use, and hepatic encephalopathy, are beyond the scope of this review and will be examined in other sections of Clinical Liver Disease: Behavioral Health Edition.
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