During the last decade older (ancient) wheat species, such as spelt (Triticum spelta L.), emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), and einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) have been recognised as an interesting option to increase the biodiversity of cultivated cereals. The aim of this study was to compare polyphenols content in the ancient species of cereals (including six accessions of spelt, four of emmer, and one of einkorn) cultivated in the three-year controlled plot experiment under organic management. It has been found that the content of almost all free and bound phenolic acids was significantly higher in einkorn than in emmer and spelt wheat species. Moreover, the concentrations of ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids in einkorn and emmer was higher in dry and very warm cultivation years. It is concluded that ancient wheat species, especially einkorn, could be an important source of phenolic acids in the human diet.

ABSTRACT. The subject of this paper is linear and differential cryptanalysis of two rounds of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with estimation of complexity for three-round AES attack. Presented linear attack is based on finding highly probable linear expressions and presented differential attack is based on finding specific bitwise differences. Data complexity of described linear and differential attack is 2 28 and 2 27 , respectively, where 8 bits of subkey are recovered. Minimal complexity of linear attack on three-round AES is bigger than d × 2 60 , where d is a small constant.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cropping systems [integrated (INT) vs. organic (ORG)] and plant nutrition sources (synthetic in INT vs. approved organic in ORG) on analytical and rheological quality traits of winter wheat and its productivity. The results after 16 years of field experiments were evaluated. Pre-crop for winter wheat was N-fixing crop. Grain yield of winter wheat (6.8 t ha^–1 in INT, 6.5 t ha^–1 in ORG) did not differ significantly, while plant nutrition sources had an equal and positive effect on the yield. Crude protein quantity was higher in INT system by about 0.2%. The farinograph dough development time and dough stability were the longest for ORG and fertilised treatments. Mixolab quality indicators showed a clear distinction between ORG and INT systems and fertilisation in the protein and starch characteristics of the grain. The ORG reported longer Mixolab stability of the dough, mainly on fertilised treatment (8.8 min). Starch characteristics – torque C4 (amylolytic activity) and torque C5 (starch retrogradation) were higher for ORG system. Torque C2, protein weakening, was not affected by the cropping system. ORG system has the potential to achieve consistent, high-quality yields with significantly lower reliance on external inputs.

Mixolab has been used for rapid assessment of common wheat quality, but data about hulled wheats quality are rare. The aim of this work was to test the potential of Mixolab II in the baking quality evaluation of emmer wheat varieties. The varieties were characterised by low both – gluten content (1.7–11.0%) and Zeleny sedimentation (11.3–12.8 ml), as well as rheological properties showed lower baking quality. Significant differences in protein and starch-amylase part of Mixolab curve indicate the genotype and climatic effect. In average, emmer varieties were characterised by high protein weakening (C2 – 0.29 Nm), speed of protein weakening at the level of α = –0.05 Nm/min, starch gelatinisation (C3 – 1.61 Nm), amylolytic activity (C4 – 1.35 Nm) and starch retrogradation (C5 – 1.98 Nm). Zeleny test positively correlated with difference C1-C2 and slope α. Falling number positively correlated with C3, C4, C5 and slope γ. Farinograph dough stability, gluten content together with Mixolab parameter C2 are the most promising characteristics to predict baking quality of emmer.

Phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids (PAs), are believed to be one of the major contributors to the antioxidant activity of cereal grains. This study determined and compared phenolic concentration, radical scavenging activities, individual PA concentrations of emmer cultivars, and breeding lines to common wheat in a three-year controlled field experiment under organic management. It was found that common wheat had the highest ability to scavenge DPPH radicals (51.7%), followed by emmer Farvento (35.4%). DPPH scavenging activity of bound phenolic extracts was higher compared to free ones. Total phenolic concentration was the highest for common wheat (1902.6 µg FAE g−1 DM) compared to the highest level of all emmer cultivars—Farvento (1668.3 µg FAE g−1 DM). The highest PAs concentration was determined for emmer Farvento (431.3 µg g−1 DM) and breeding line PN 4-41 (424.5 µg g−1 DM). Free PAs concentration was the lowest for common wheat (29.5 µg g−1 DM). The dominant free PA was ferulic (66.3%), followed by syringic (11.7%), sinapic (7.4%), p-hydroxybenzoic (5.3%), salicylic (3.8%), p-coumaric (3.6%), and caffeic (2.1%). Bound ferulic acid accounted for 94.0% of total bound PAs, followed by p-coumaric (2.8%), p-hydroxybenzoic (0.8%), syringic (0.8%), caffeic (0.6%), sinapic (0.6%), and salicylic (0.4%). Emmer cultivar Farvento was distinguished by the highest concentration of individual free and bound forms of PAs. Effect of growing year was more evident on the concentration of free PAs compared to bound PAs. Extremely dry and hot weather during maturity stages has a negative impact on analysed free and bound PAs.