Kohl is a traditional cosmetic widely used in Asia and Africa. In recent years, demand for kohl-based eyelids and lipsticks has increased in Europe, linked to migratory phenomena of populations from these continents. Although the European legislation prohibits the use of heavy metals in cosmetics due to the harmful effects to human health, particularly to pregnant women and children, these elements are still present in certain products. The European Union recommended levels are Pb < 20 ppm, As < 5 ppm, Cd < 5 ppm, Sb < 100 ppm, and Ni < 200 ppm. In Germany, levels are more restrictive: Pb < 2 ppm, As < 0.5 ppm, Cd < 0.1 ppm, Sb < 0.5 ppm, and Ni < 10 ppm. Here, we analyzed 12 kohl-based cosmetics in different presentations (powder, paste, and pencil) that were purchased in Spanish and German local shops. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer was used to identify toxic elements and heavy metals. Levels of Pb ranged between 1.7 and 410,000 ppm in six of the study samples, four of which had levels above the recommended limit of at least two heavy metals. Arsenic (a carcinogenic element) values were within the range allowed by the EU in only 58% of the studied samples. Moreover, two products doubled this limit, reaching levels of 9.2 and 12.6 ppm. In one of the products, cadmium, related to toxic keratitis, was four times higher (20.7 ppm) than that allowed, while in two other products, these limits were doubled (11.8 and 12.7 ppm). Our results indicate the need to supervise the manufacture of kohl-based traditional products and the analysis of their composition prior distribution in European countries.
A method based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is described for the determination of bisoprolol and atenolol in human bone. After the addition of lobivolol as internal standard, pulverized samples were incubated in acetonitrile for 1 h under ultrasounds. After adjusting the pH of the samples to 6, they were centrifuged, and the supernatants were subjected to solid phase extraction. Elution was achieved by using 3 mL of 2% ammonium hydroxide in 80:20 dichloromethane:isopropanol solution. Eluted samples were evaporated and derivatized. Chromatography was performed on a fused silica capillary column and analytes were determined in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The assay was validated in the range 0.1–0.3 ng/mg (depending on the drug) to 150 ng/mg, the mean absolute recoveries were 60% for bisoprolol and 106% for atenolol, the matrix effect was 69% for bisoprolol and 70% for atenolol and process efficiency was 41% for bisoprolol and 80% for atenolol. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy values were always better than 12%. The validated method was then applied to bone samples from two real forensic cases in which toxicological analysis in blood were positive for atenolol in the first case (0.65 µg/mL) and bisoprolol in the second case (0.06 µg/mL). Atenolol was found in bone samples from the corresponding case at the approximate concentration of 148 ng/mg and bisoprolol was found at 8 ng/mg.
Carbamazepine is the main option used as a preventive medication to treat bipolar disorder when there is no response to lithium. Carbamazepine toxicity is defined as serum levels greater than 12 μg/mL, with severe toxicity occurring over 40 μg/mL, reduced to 30 μg/mL when combined with pharmacological treatment, i.e., benzodiazepines or antidepressants. For these reasons, it is necessary to find a validated tool to determine carbamazepine levels in an autopsy to rule out suicide or to know if the death was a consequence of an adverse drug reaction (ADR), especially when only bones can be accessed. We have validated a tool to detect and quantify drug concentration in bone. Our results showed a peak for carbamazepine at minute 12 and a mass fragment of 193 m/z. This case study is the first time in the literature that carbamazepine has been detected and quantified in bone. These results demonstrate that carbamazepine can be detected in bone tissue from forensic cases, but almost more importantly, that the method proposed is valid, reliable, and trustworthy.
LICENSE 3.0 UNPORTED. RESUMENIntroducción. Las Reacciones Adversas a Medicamentos (RAM) constituyen una importante fuente de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, generando altos costes económicos. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar aquellos tratamientos que producen una mayor cantidad de RAM en la población general así como conocer los principales síntomas que generan. Material y métodos.Se realizó un estudio transversal observacional mediante la cumplimentación de un cuestionario. Para ello, 510 pacientes fueron encuestados sobre qué patologías tenían diagnosticadas, sus tratamientos farmacológicos y las RAM sufridas.Resultados. Un 26,7% de los pacientes encuestados había sufrido alguna RAM. Obtuvimos resultados estadísticamente significativos (p ≤ 0.05) al clasificar a los pacientes según el tratamiento prescrito y el número de RAM sufridas para los tratamientos farmacológicos de artrosis, anemia y enfermedades del sistema nervioso (ansiedad, depresión, insomnio). Además cuantificamos frecuencias de aparición de RAM mayores en aquellos fármacos prescritos contra la artrosis (22,6% de los casos sufrieron RAM), anemia (14,28%), alteraciones nerviosas (13,44%) y asma (16%). En cuanto a los síntomas producidos, los más frecuentes fueron gastrointestinales (60% de los pacientes) y alteraciones nerviosas (mareos, dolor de cabeza, problemas de conciliación del sueño etc, 24,6%).Discusión. La principal conclusión de nuestro estudio es que aquellos fármacos que producen mayor número de RAM están prescritos para el tratamiento de la artrosis, la anemia, las alteraciones nerviosas y el asma. Además, los síntomas que aparecen principalmente tras una RAM son alteraciones gastrointestinales y nerviosas. Los profesionales sanitarios deberían estar alerta ante la posible aparición de RAM en dichos tratamientos y proporcionar a sus pacientes el empoderamiento necesario para que ellos mismos pudieran detectarse RAM. Esto evitaría consecuencias negativas tanto en su estado de salud como en el gasto sanitario.Palabras clave: reacciones adversas, farmacoterapia, síntomas, frecuencia, enfermedad crónica. ABSTRACTObjectives. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and generate high health costs. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the treatments which produce more ADRs in general population and the main symptoms they generate.Methods. An observational, cross-sectional study consisting in performing a self-rated questionnaire was carried out. 510 patients were asked about the treatments, illnesses and ADRs, they had suffered from.Results. 26.7% of patients had suffered from some ADR. Classifying patients according to the type of prescribed treatment and studying the number of ADR that they had, we obtained significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) for treatments against arthrosis, anemia and nervous disorders (anxiety, depression, insomnia). Moreover, determining absolute frequencies of these ADRs appearance in each treatment, higher frequencies were ag...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.