RESUMOO desempenho das funções do solo pode ser influenciado pela compactação imposta pelo manejo inadequado. Algumas propriedades físicas do solo são tomados como indicadores da presença de camadas compactadas, as quais podem interferir no desenvolvimento radicular de culturas. Práticas agrícolas, como o uso de plantas de cobertura, que melhoram as propriedades do solo, podem mitigar problemas relacionados à compactação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar propriedades físicas de solo e de plantas, estas cultivadas em condições controladas. Em um Argissolo Vermelho sob sistema plantio direto consolidado com dois manejos de cobertura de inverno (pousio e aveia + ervilhaca) e tráfego controlado de máquinas [sem tráfego (ST), antes do tráfego (AT) e depois do tráfego (DT)], avaliaram-se a pressão de pré-consolidação, a resistência do solo à penetração, a densidade do solo, a porosidade e o diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados. Amostras indeformadas de solo das condições antes e depois do tráfego foram coletadas em vasos de PVC e acondicionadas em casa de vegetação, nos quais foram semeadas três sementes de milho, e cultivadas durante 25 dias sob diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica. Após esse período, determinaram-se a área foliar, massa verde e seca da parte aérea e massa úmida e seca das raízes de plantas de milho. A densidade do solo independentemente da camada avaliada não foi influenciada pela condição de cobertura do solo, mas sim pela condição de tráfego. Já a macroporosidade foi influenciada pelo tráfego no sistema pousio até 0,10 m, indicando ter esse sistema menor capacidade de suportar perturbações, comprovado pelos menores valores de pressão de pré-consolidação. A resistência do solo à penetração aumentou em profundidade, estando relacionada à maior densidade, menor

Citrus plants are the most important fruit species in the world, with emphasis to oranges, mandarins and lemons. In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, most fruit production is found on small properties under organic cultivation. Soil compaction is one of the factors limiting production and due to the fixed row placement of this crop, compaction can arise in various manners in the interrows of the orchard. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and water infiltration capacity in response to interrow management in an orchard of mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore 'Montenegrina') under organic cultivation. Interrow management was performed through harrowing, logs in em "V", mowing, and cutting/knocking down plants with a knife roller. Soil physical properties were evaluated in the wheel tracks of the tractor (WT), between the wheel tracks (BWT), and in the area under the line projection of the canopy (CLP), with undisturbed soil samples collected in the 0.00-0.15, 0.15-0.30, 0.30-0.45, and 0.45-0.60 m layers, with four replicates. The soil water infiltration test was performed using the concentric cylinder method, with a maximum time of 90 min for each test. In general, soil analysis showed a variation in the physical-hydraulic properties of the Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico (sandy loam Typic Paleudalf) in the three sampling sites in all layers, regardless of the management procedure in the interrows. Machinery traffic leads to heterogeneity in the soil physical-hydraulic properties in the interrows of the orchard. Soil porosity and bulk density are affected especially in the wheel tracks of the tractor (WT), which causes a reduction in the constant rate of infiltration and in the accumulated infiltration of water in this sampling site. The use of the disk harrow and mower leads to greater harmful effects on the soil, which can interfere with mandarin production.

ABSTRACT:The loading application time by machinery tires and agricultural tires is one of the factors of soil compaction. We evaluated the effect of loading reduction time in uniaxial compression test, in laboratory, in some physical and mechanical parameters, approaching the loading field condition time by machinery with laboratory tests. Soil samples of two Oxisol and one Paleudult under different years of implementation of no tillage system (NT) and of different layers were collected and subjected to uniaxial compression tests, two times of loading application, 300 seconds per load, according to actual methodology and 30 seconds per load in the laboratory. We analyzed the soil deformation to each load, bulk density, pre-compression stress, recompress and compress indexes. Our results show that the reduction in the time of loading application can be introduced satisfactorily without changes at interested parameters. Furthermore, the soil deformation dynamic in the sample follow the elasto-plastic model used to determine the precompression stress, do not changing for the sigmoidal shape.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil use and management on organic carbon stocks in the interrows of Vitis vinifera with different years of cultivation. A vineyard located in Rio Grande do Sul state, with 4, 9 and 16 years of management, was evaluated. Soil samples from different layers, 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, 0.30-0.40, 0.40-0.50 and 0.50-0.60 m, were collected on wheel tracks, between wheel tracks and under the planting rows. As a reference, samples were collected in native grassland of the region. Organic matter content, bulk density and soil porosity were evaluated. Carbon stock was determined according to the correction of the sampled thickness. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. Soil management caused alterations in its structure and organic matter content, observed mainly in the first 30 cm, regardless of the area studied. Highest values of bulk density were observed on the tractor wheel tracks, followed by under the planting row and between wheel tracks. Alteration in soil cover for vineyard planting led to a reduction in the carbon stock, compared to the native grassland. The area under management for 4 years showed higher carbon stocks between the wheel tracks, whereas the areas under 9 and 16 years of management showed highest values in the wheel tracks.

No abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of different furrow-opening mechanisms on soil physical characteristics, such as mobilization, porosity, bulk density, and the dynamics of water content and temperature in the sowing groove, as well as the influence of wheeled traffic and of these variables on corn (Zea mays) productivity. The experiment was conducted at the agronomic experimental station of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul on a Argissolo Vermelho (red Ultisol). Treatments consisted of three winter cover crops and of two types of furrow-opening mechanisms for fertilization (shank and disk), with or without tractor traffic. Corn was planted as the summer crop, and soil mobilization in the sowing groove, soil temperature and moisture content during the crop cycle, and soil physical conditions, such as bulk density and porosity, were evaluated. Tractor traffic and the type of furrow-opening mechanism used did not affect significantly soil temperature and moisture content during the development of the corn crop; however, significant differences were observed in grain productivity and soil mobilization, bulk density, and porosity.

RESUMO:O manejo de bovinos em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária reduz a biomassa, podendo alterar a dinâmica dos atributos do solo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos relacionados à altura de manejo do pasto, na cobertura, umidade e temperatura do solo, durante o pastejo e o cultivo de soja. A altura de manejo do pasto foi de 10, 20, 30, 40 cm e sem pastejo. Os atributos de solo foram determinados nas camadas 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm, sendo; caracterização física, umidade volumétrica do solo e temperatura do solo com uso de geotermômetros no período noturno e diurno. A biomassa sobre o solo, no ciclo de pasto, foi determinada coletando amostras a cada mês. As diferentes intensidades de pastejo reduziram a biomassa sobre o solo, sendo que no mês de setembro a biomassa residual foi de 0,48 Mg ha -1 no pasto mantido a 10 cm de altura e 5,81 Mg ha -1 no sem pastejo. A umidade do solo foi pouco alterada, sendo esse resultado relacionado a precipitação regular e acima da média regional. A maior temperatura do solo no início do cultivo do pasto e da soja foi observada nas áreas com maior intensidade de pastejo. A redução da biomassa do pasto, em função do pastejo, proporcionou maior temperatura do solo durante o dia e menor durante a noite, fato que aumentou a amplitude térmica, especialmente no pasto mantido a 10 e 20 cm de altura.Palavras-chave: Biomassa de pastagem, integração lavoura pecuária, amplitude da temperatura do solo.Abstract -Crop livestock systems can reduce the biomass, and effect soil dynamics. The objective of this study was evaluating the impact of animals grazing in biomass residue, soil moisture and soil temperature during pasture and soybean. The grazing was managed at 10, 20, 30, 40 cm height, and no grazing. Soil physics characterization, soil moisture and soil temperature was determined in depth increment to 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm. Biomass during pasture was determined one time for month. Pasture management reduce the biomass over soil, and in September was 0.48 Mg ha -1 in pasture at 10 cm and 5.81 Mg ha -1 in no-grazing management. Soil moisture was not several affected by pasture management, especially because the regular precipitation during this study. Soil temperature was increased in intensity pasture during initial development of oat and soybean. Biomass reduction during grazing increase the soil temperature during day, and reduce during at night, and this has been the reason for the greater temperature variation day-night.

Entre os problemas relacionados à super fertilização nas vinhas, está o uso indiscriminado de N, P e K e de pesticidas à base Cu e Zn, que podem resultar na degradação dos atributos químicos do solo e no desequilíbrio nutricional das plantas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alterações nos atributos químicos de solos com diferentes anos de cultivo de Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir. Foram analisados solos com diferentes períodos de cultivo (4, 9 e 16 anos) e em diferentes profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 e 50-60 cm). Foram avaliados os seguintes atributos químicos do solo: pH H2O, H + Al, MO, fósforo e potássio disponíveis, cálcio, magnésio e alumínio trocáveis, manganês, cobre, zinco e boro, além da Capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), saturação por bases e saturação por alumínio. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, considerando três períodos de cultivo (4, 9 e 16 anos) e seis profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 e 50-60). cm), com três repetições. Os atributos químicos do solo foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p <0,05). Houve variação significativa nos teores de macro e micronutrientes em relação às áreas e profundidades. Áreas com 9 e 16 anos apresentaram maiores teores de macronutrientes e micronutrientes, principalmente nos primeiros 10 cm de profundidade, devido aos usos sucessivos durante os anos de manejo da vinha após o plantio das vinhas.