Introduction: With the first case reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Monkeypox virus, belonging to the Poxviridae family, affected, for many years, mainly the countries of West and Central Africa, with rare and self-limited outbreaks outside endemic areas. The increase in the number of cases registered in countries in Europe, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Pacific in recent years has alerted the scientific community and culminated in the production of several studies on monkeypox. Objective: This study aimed to understand the risk factors and the epidemiological profile of the etiological agent. Methods: A literature review was performed using Public Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases, adopting the descriptors “Monkeypox” and “Epidemiology”. Results: 366 articles related to the theme were found, of which, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 studies were selected to integrate this review. After an incubation period of approximately 2 weeks, the interruption of skin and mucosal integrity caused by the Monkeypox virus is often the first pathological manifestation in most patients, starting in a macular pattern and progressing to the formation of crusts. Other studies observed that systemic involvement was the majority as the first manifestation of the disease among their participants, especially those who performed receptive anal sex. Furthermore, men who have sex with other men, people who have sex with individuals affected by monkeypox or with people with risk factors for the development of STIs, were more likely to be infected by the Monkeypox virus, even though information about the infectivity of semen and vaginal secretions is insufficient. Conclusion: It is recommended to carefully examine any rashes in all patients, regardless of sex, gender or age.
O SARS-CoV-2 é altamente contagioso e é transmitido rapidamente por via respiratória. Os focos iniciais de transmissão da COVID-19 no Brasil ocorreram nos estados de São Paulo e do Rio de Janeiro, com disseminação célere para as restantes das capitais. Nos primeiros meses, o Ceará liderou posições no Nordeste e no Brasil em número de casos confirmados da doença. Esta não apresenta distribuição de forma homogênea nas regiões do país, especialmente em regiões interioranas. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos dados epidemiológicos dos casos de COVID-19 na Região Metropolitana do Cariri cearense. Efetuou-se uma pesquisa descritiva de natureza qualitativa e método dedutivo, a qual foi verificada a distribuição de casos na Região Metropolitana do Cariri (RMC) através de dados por meio do Boletim Epidemiológico Novo Coronavírus (COVID-19), disponível no site do IntegraSUS da Secretaria da Saúde do Ceará. Os resultados mostraram que, até o dia 30 de junho de 2022, contabilizam 245.382 casos notificados, sendo 94.408 confirmados da COVID-19, distribuídos em todos os 9 municípios da RMC. Desse total de casos confirmados, 89.400 casos são casos recuperados, equivalente a 94,69%. O número de óbitos notificados foi 1.500, sendo a taxa de letalidade em 1,6%. Atualmente, foram registrados 266.369 exames, sendo 36,2% testes rápidos para antígenos, seguidos de 35,4% de testes rápidos para pesquisa de anticorpos IGG, 24,3% RT-PCR e os demais números somam teste sorológico para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG e IgM, ECLIA, ELISA, RT-LAMP e Imunocromatografia. Em relação ao quadro sociodemográfico, há predominância da contaminação em mulheres, em indivíduos pardos e na faixa etária de 20 a 44 anos. Desse modo, embora o auge da pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 já tenha sido superado em grande parte do mundo graças, principalmente, à vacinação em massa, a COVID-19 persiste como um problema de saúde pública que deve ser constantemente monitorado e estudado, com o fito de demonstrar caminhos para a criação de estratégias que visem o enfrentamento de epidemias.
Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of the disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 and derives from numerous factors such as direct damage to the renal structures by the virus, the use of nephrotoxic drugs and the cytokine storm in response to the etiologic agent. Objective: In view of the relevance of AKI in the clinical outcome, the present study aimed to list the main aspects of the development of this complication in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A literature review was performed using the Virtual Health Library and Pubmed databases, adopting the descriptors “acute kidney injury” and “coronavirus 19”. Results: 635 articles related to the topic were found, of which, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 studies were selected to integrate this review. The articles included were classified as retrospective cohorts and their samples were composed of individuals from Europe, Asia and the Americas. Discussion: Proteinuria, hematuria, leukocyturia and AKI were common clinical findings of renal impairment. AKI is a modifiable and multifactorial risk factor, uncommon in mild and moderate cases and common in severe cases. Age greater than 65 years, presence of comorbidities and laboratory tests with relevant alterations are important risk factors involved in AKI. Patients with stage 3 AKI required renal replacement therapy and were associated with an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: In patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, a careful analysis of the clinical history and strict monitoring of laboratory tests are necessary to prevent the development of AKI.
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