The present paper proposes a method for the geometric calibration of a new endoscopic ultrasound (US) probe designed for the imaging of the inner ear. Such US probe has 24 elements and a distal diameter equal to 4 mm. The atypical probe miniaturized geometry may raise doubts about the applicability of existing state-of-the-art calibration methods. This work answers such question. The results presented in this paper indicate that the proposed straightforward calibration procedure leads to satisfying accuracy. The phantom used for the geometric calibration have wires as reference geometry and its dimensions are taken based on a microtomography acquisition. The obtained results may enable the US imageguided navigation of the human inner ear.
In this paper, we focus on the carrying out and validation of minimally invasive three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) imaging of the auditory system, which is based on a new miniaturized endoscopic 2D US transducer. This unique probe consists of a 18 MHz 24 elements curved array transducer with a distal diameter of 4 mm so it can be inserted into the external auditory canal. Typical acquisition is achieved by rotating such a transducer around its own axis using a robotic platform. Reconstruction of a US volume from the set of acquired B-scans during the rotation is then performed using scan-conversion. The accuracy of the reconstruction procedure is evaluated using a dedicated phantom that includes a set of wires as reference geometry. Twelve acquisitions obtained from different probe poses are compared to a micro-computed tomographic model of the phantom, leading to a maximum error of 0.20 mm. Additionally, acquisitions with a cadaveric head highlight the clinical applicability of this set up. Structures of the auditory system such as the ossicles and the round window can be identified from the obtained 3D volumes. These results confirm that our technique enables the accurate imaging of the middle and inner ears without having to deteriorate the surrounding bone. Since US is a real-time, wide available and non-ionizing imaging modality, our acquisition setup could facilitate the minimally invasive diagnosis and surgical navigation for otology in a fast, costeffective and safe way.
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