Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) are diseases that cause great losses in the productivity of these crops, not only in Brazil but on a global scale. Coffee and soybean varieties grown are susceptible to these diseases. Thus, it is necessary to search for efficient compounds for their chemical control, mainly from the group of protectors or residuals so that they can be formulated with systemic fungicides to control the diseases. This allows not only the efficient management of diseases but also the prevention of the emergence of resistant mutants in the populations of these pathogens. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and effect of bis(N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate(II) salts fungicides on the epidemiological components of pathosystems coffee × H. vastatrix and soybean × P. pachyrhizi. Initially, four zinc(II) complexes salts (1A, 2A, 1B, and 2B) with N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimates were synthesized. In the first experiment, the in vitro sensitivity of H. vastatrix and P. pachyrhizi was studied for the four compounds synthesized and mancozeb at 0.5, 5.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 200.0 µmol L-1. All the compounds synthetized in this study had inhibitory effects on H. vastatrix and P. pachyrhizi. In the greenhouse it was studied the effect of bis(N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate(II) salts on the epidemiological components of coffee leaf rust and Asian soybean rust. For the pathosystem coffee × H. vastatrix, there were no differences in the values obtained for the bis(N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate(II) salts and mancozeb for the latent period. For the sporulated lesion variable, the control treatment had a mean value of 149.0 lesions/leaf, differing significantly from the other treatments. The mean value of compound 2B was estimated as 25.0 lesions/leaf, differing significantly from treatments 1A, 1B, 2B, and mancozeb. Treatments 1A, 1B, 2B, and mancozeb did not differ significantly from each other. For the Asian soybean rust, the area under the disease progress curve had a mean value of 75.8 for the control, while for the 2A treatment the value was 4.1, differing from the other compounds. The treatments 1A, 1B, 2A, and mancozeb did not differ significantly from each other. In conclusion, compounds 1A, 2A, and 1B were more efficient in the control of the coffee leaf rust, while compound 2A was efficient in the control of the Asian soybean rust.
A ferrugem do cafeeiro é causada pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome, um parasita obrigatório que infecta folhas de plantas do gênero botânico Coffea. Entre as espécies cultivadas deste gênero, Coffea arabica é a mais suscetível. A desfolha precoce pode levar à morte de ramos, seguido de perdas da produtividade no ano subsequente. Os danos podem alcançar índices de 50% quando as condições são favoráveis. Há um consenso que existe grande variabilidade genética na população de H. vastatrix e o surgimento de novas raças são um grande desafio para o manejo da doença. A raça II de H. vastatrix é a mais prevalente e a raça XXXIII suplantou a resistência de algumas cultivares comerciais de C. canephora no Brasil. No entanto, como o ciclo sexual ainda é parcialmente descrito, não são claros quais são mecanismos-chave de variabilidade genética ligados ao surgimento de raças em H. vastatrix. Nesse contexto, os elementos transponíveis (ETs) podem ser uma abordagem promissora, porém, pouco explorada nos estudos que visam a compreender a variabilidade genética em raças de H. vastatrix. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o impacto de retrotransposons e elementos transponíveis de DNA nos genomas de H. vastatrix, C. arabica, C. canephora e C. eugenioides. Foram desenvolvidos scripts de bioinformáticas para identificação, caracterização e analise da divergência genética. No capitulo I, foram identificados ETs expressos nas interações de compatibilidade entre H. vastratrix e o cafeeiro. No capítulo II, as populações dos ETs foram estruturadas de acordo com as espécies de café analisadas. No capítulo III, genótipos de café arábica foram agrupadas em função do padrão de resistência às raças II e XXXIII de H. vastatrix. Este trabalho relata novos ETs e apresenta novas informações sobre seus os impactos na coevolução entre o H. vastatrix e cafeeiro. Palavras-chave: Transcriptoma. Hemileia. Coffea. Transposons.
BACKGROUND The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential use of zinc‐dithiocarbimate salts to control Hemileia vastatrix, the causal agent of the coffee leaf rust disease, and to evaluate their toxicity towards Apis mellifera, one of the most important coffee plant pollinators. RESULTS Zinc‐dithiocarbimate salts were prepared and fully characterized by infrared, proton (1H) and carbon‐13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analyses of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn). X‐ray diffraction technique studies confirmed the proposed structures. The salts inhibited the germination of H. vastatrix spores in vitro, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) from 12 to 18 μmol.L−1 and a 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) from 23 to 26 μmol.L−1. Zinc‐dithiocarbimate salts with the best in vitro results were selected for in vivo experiments with Coffea arabica var Caturra and with the pollinator A. mellifera. The results were similar to those of Mancozeb, a broad‐spectrum contact fungicide, with a good control of the disease and low toxicity to the honeybee. CONCLUSION The zinc‐dithiocarbimate complex salts have potential to control coffee leaf rust, with low toxicity to the pollinator insect. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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