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Our results suggest no influence of the variants in the IDO gene and the diagnosis of interferon-α-related depression in the Brazilian population. Interferon-α-related depression may impose persistent psychopathology on at least 15% of the depressed patients even 2 years after antiviral therapy termination. The cross-sectional design is a limitation of our study, predisposing memory bias. Prospective pharmacogenetic studies are warranted to continue investigation of the impact of IDO polymorphisms on the development of IFN-α-induced depression.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) segregates in families. It follows a complex model of genetic transmission, which involves the influence of several small effect genes interacting with the environment. Methods: A systematic review of genetic association studies in OCD was performed. Articles published until 2012 were searched in the databases PubMed, Embase and ScieLO using the terms of MeSH and its associates or synonyms for "obsessivecompulsive disorder", "gene" and "genetic association studies". Results: We selected 105 papers and described their main results grouped as genes related to: serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, GABA, white matter, immune system, hormones and other genes. Discussion: There is high variability between findings of association studies among the several candidate genes studied in OCD. Glutamate-related genes are promising candidates for OCD, but there is no conclusive association between any of the candidate genes studied and OCD. Association studies with large sample size, evaluation of more homogeneous subgroups of phenotype and meta-analyses are still needed.

Pegylated Interferon-alpha, combined with ribavirin, gives high sustained virological response in patients with hepatitis C virus, an important public health problem and one of the most frequent chronic infectious diseases worldwide. Though it has therapeutic benefits, treatment with IFN-alpha may be complicated by various side effects, especially symptoms of major depression and acute mania. Psychosis is a rare side effect, and its management usually includes discontinuation of IFN-alpha. We report a case of psychotic disorder that occurred during therapy with pegylated Interferon-alpha given associated with ribavirin. After good response to psychiatric treatment, it became possible to finish the anti-viral therapy.

Introduction/Objective. Evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), but few neurochemical studies have evaluated this region in bipolar patients and there is no information from BD suicide attempters using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H+MRS). The objective was to evaluate the metabolic function of the medial orbital frontal cortex in euthymic BD type I suicide and nonsuicide attempters compared to healthy subjects by H+MRS. Methods. 40 euthymic bipolar I outpatients, 19 without and 21 with history of suicide attempt, and 22 healthy subjects were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview with the DSM-IV axis I, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Young Mania Rating Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 and underwent H+MRS. Results. We did not find any metabolic abnormality in medial orbital frontal regions of suicide and nonsuicide BD patients and BD patients as a group compared to healthy subjects. Conclusions. The combined chronic use of psychotropic drugs with neuroprotective or neurotrophic effects leading to a euthymic state for longer periods of time may improve neurometabolic function, at least measured by H+MRS, even in suicide attempters. Besides, these results may implicate mood dependent alterations in brain metabolic activity. However, more studies with larger sample sizes of this heterogeneous disorder are warranted to clarify these data.

Introdução: A obesidade é considerada um problema grave de saúde pública e seu crescimento endêmico na população mundial tem levado ao desenvolvimento de diversas pesquisas nessa área. Cada vez mais estudos apontam na direção de fatores hormonais e neuroquímicos como importantes elementos relacionados a essa patologia complexa. Objetivo: Identificar as evidências relativas a associação entre os processos psicobiológicos e o comportamento alimentar. Método: Revisão baseda nos artigos completos publicados em inglês e português, indexados na base de dados Pubmed, nos últimos 5 anos, com as palavras-chave “obesity”, “hormonal regulation” e “food intake”. Resultados: Foram encontrados 439 artigos no cruzamento das palavras "obesity" AND e "hormonal regulation" e 129 artigos com as palavras "obesity" AND e "hormonal regulation" AND e "food intake". Conclusões: Apesar dos avanços dos estudos nessa área, muitos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de fome e saciedade ainda precisam ser esclarecidos. Dessa forma, pesquisas nesse campo devem ser incentivadas para um melhor embasamento das medidas de promoção à saúde, prevenção e tratamento da obesidade e suas comorbidades..

IntroduçãoDe acordo com o Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças, em 1997, 10,3 milhões da população total tiveram o diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus nos EUA e estima-se que cerca de outras 5,4 milhões continuem sem diagnóstico.1 O diabetes mellitus é uma afecção de grande relevância clínica por levar a danos na microvasculatura, afetando rins, retina e neurônios periféricos, assim como à aterosclerose, com elevação do risco de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares. Pacientes esquizofrênicos têm maior risco para desenvolvimento de transtorno hiperglicêmico e o uso de antipsicóticos parece ampliar o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus. O presente trabalho é uma revisão da literatura acerca da relação entre antipsicóticos atípicos e risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada por meio dos bancos de dados Medline e Webofscience enfocando os seguintes tópicos: "Hyperglycemia", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Antipsychotic Agents", com o objetivo de identificar artigos originais e de revisão compreendidos entre 1997 e setembro de 2002. Conclui-se pela existência de maior risco de desenvolvimento de alterações glicídicas na população de pacientes utilizando medicamentos antipsicóticos. Medidas higieno-dietéticas e atenção aos fatores de risco devem ser levados em conta no tratamento de pacientes psicóticos. Hiperglicemia. Diabetes mellitus. Agentes antipsicóticos.Schizophrenic patients present a higher risk for the development of hyperglycemic disorder and the use of antipsychotic drugs seems to increase the risk of diabetes mellitus. The present review concerns the relation between atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. A Medline and Webofscience search was performed by using the terms "Hyperglycemia", "Diabetes Mellitus" and "Antipsychotic Agents", to identify original papers and reviews published between 1997 and september 2002. It is concluded that there is a higher risk of glycemic disorders in the population of patients treated by antipsychotic drugs. Dietetic measures and attention to risk factors should be taken into account during the treatment of psychotic patients.Hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus. Antipsychotic agents. Resumo Descritores AbstractKeywords dários. Dentre eles, podemos citar o ganho de peso, diabetes, hiperglicemia e dislipidemia. Tais condições levam a complicações, incluindo risco de doença cardiovascular, traduzida no aumento da morbimortalidade nestes pacientes. [4][5][6] Desta forma, psiquiatras e clínicos têm se preocupado cada vez mais em adequar a prescrição ao perfil do paciente, questionando sobre outros fatores de risco, como hipertensão, diabetes prévia, idade maior que 50 anos, raça e história familiar. Além disso, o monitoramento dos níveis glicêmicos e ponderais deve ser feito para orientar estratégias no tratamento destas alterações. 6 MétodosEste trabalho revisa os artigos publicados na literatura inter-

Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder with serious physical, social and economic consequences. 1 The economic burden of schizophrenia was estimated in 33 billion dollars in the United States in 1990. 2 Much of this cost can be attributed to the consequences of psychotic relapse. 3 The disorder is usually char- Objectives:To compare rates of rehospitalization and time to relapse in risperidone vs. haloperidol-treated schizophrenic patients discharged from the hospital. Methods: Randomized controlled trial comparing risperidone and haloperidol regarding relapse in patients with schizophrenia treated with flexible doses during one year. Results: Twenty patients were assigned to risperidone and 13 to haloperidol. One patient from each group withdrew consent and one patient in the risperidone group was lost for follow-up. Six (30.0%) patients in the risperidone group and 3 (23.1%) in the haloperidol group relapsed (p=1.00). However, time to relapse was shorter in the later (logrank =4.2; p=.04). When rehospitalized, patients in the risperidone group stayed 34.5 days (median) at hospital as compared to the haloperidol group (median of 61 days) (p=.61). Conclusion:The proportion of schizophrenic patients who relapsed was similar in both groups; However, time to relapse was shorter in the haloperidol-treated patients.Risperidone. Haloperidol. Antipsychotic. Schizophrenia. Relapse prevention.Objetivos: Comparar taxas de re-hospitalização e o tempo para a recaída entre pacientes esquizofrênicos tratados com risperidona ou haloperidol após alta hospitalar. Métodos: Ensaio controlado, randomizado, comparando risperidona e haloperidol em relação à recaída em pacientes com esquizofrenia tratados com doses flexíveis, com duração de um ano. Resultados: Vinte pacientes foram alocados para a risperidona e 13 para o haloperidol. Um paciente em cada grupo retirou o consentimento e um tomando risperidona foi perdido para o seguimento. Seis (30,0%) do grupo da risperidona e três (23,1%) do grupo do haloperidol recaíram (p=1.00). Contudo, o tempo até a re-hospitalização foi mais curto com o haloperidol (logrank =4,2; p=0,04). Quando re-hospitalizados, os pacientes no grupo da risperidona permaneceram 34,5 dias no hospital (mediana) quando comparados com o grupo do haloperidol (mediana =61 dias) (p=0,61). Conclusão: A proporção de pacientes esquizofrênicos que recaíram foi similar em ambos os grupos. Contudo, o tempo para a recaída foi mais curto nos pacientes tratados com haloperidol.Risperidona. Haloperidol. Antipsicótico. Esquizofrenia. Prevenção de recaída. Abstract Keywords ResumoDescritores acterized by relapses alternating with periods of full or partial remission. Although antipsychotic medication is effective in reducing relapse rates, 30% to 40% of patients relapse within 1 year after hospital discharge even if they are receiving maintenance medication. [4][5][6] Most schizophrenic patients have a chronic course with many comunicação breve