A comprehensive nutrient removal evaluation to meet extremely low nutrient limits was performed for the South District Water Reclamation Plant (SDWRP) in Miami, Florida. Several alternatives were originally identified by the project team as possible candidates to complement SDWRP's proposed membrane filtration / reverse osmosis (RO) / ultraviolet disinfection and advanced oxidation processes to meet the required limits. A preliminary screening of these alternatives resulted in the selection of chemical phosphorus removal coupled with biologically active filters, movable bed biofilm reactors, second pass RO, ion exchange (IX), and breakpoint chlorination as the most viable nutrient removal processes for complementing SDWRP's originally anticipated three-stage RO system to meet the low nutrient limits required for the project. A comprehensive evaluation of the final alternatives resulted in the selection of chemical phosphorus removal and IX as the best processes for SDWRP. Decision factors included significant sustainable advantages compared to the other alternatives.
Experience has shown the predictive reliability of two commonly used equations for the prediction of headloss (known as the Bernoulli principle and the Kirschmer method) may be questionable under certain conditions, especially at higher flow velocities through fractional openings. To quantify this observed disparity, a series of tests were executed to compare predicted headloss-employing the results of both these equations-to actual results under controlled conditions. Test results indicate that the headloss predicted by the Bernoulli principle consistently overstates actual headloss through screens by a significant amount. The Kirschmer method correlated much closer to actual headloss, however it proved to be less than satisfactory for some openings or bar shapes. Study of the results of these tests, along with careful examination of the two equations, indicate that better correlations for headloss prediction versus actual measured values could be obtained by modifying elements of both the Bernoulli and Kirschmer equations, or by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
Detailed evaluations of an existing air delivery system for a medium-sized water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in the United States resulted in the recommendation to improve the air delivery system with less efficient technologies, yet still achieving substantial energy savings. Air delivery system consolidation, automated air delivery control, proper determination of required air demands, and proper pressure management systems helped achieve substantial reductions of air requirements in this facility.
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