The present study introduces a model explaining what leads stars to crash and assesses risk factors that lead stars to crash in a sample of 18 celebrities who have had a downfall. Downfalls include alcoholism, drug abuse or addiction, mental illness, myriad relationship problems, death, suicide or other life-changing disasters. First, the paper theorizes that individuals' early environments and social forces, such as assortativeness and affiliation, contribute to their narcissistic traits. The model illustrates how these risk factors including narcissistic traits and the adult environments of stars lead them to engage in behaviors that lead to their downfalls. To examine the usefulness of this model, the paper examined the lives of famous celebrities (i.e., “stars”) who had public downfalls 2 (n = 18) using secondary sources. It assessed the risk factors involved in the crashing of stars. In concordance with I the proposed model, results showed that what the majority of these cases had in common were: Atypical early environments, such as abandonment and trauma, over-indulgent or absent wealthy parents, or an early career; and adult environment conditions, such as colluding social groups and entourages. These factors could be linked to stars having extramarital affairs damaging their marriage or careers; bankruptcy; or alcohol and/or drug addiction. In some cases these factors have led to stars having accidents, or deaths. Furthermore, the study shows that there is a positive correlation between the number of risk factors present and the severity of the downfall of the stars.
Using ideas from evolution, and what is known about higher stages of development, we examine a hypothetical scenario, in which new humanoid species, called Superions, are produced. What would then happen with current humans? Recent genetic engineering advances have led to creating life forms with particular characteristics. Scientists are already genetically engineering human beings. Some changes are to improve health. Engineering of traits such as intelligence, higher stage reasoning or less neuroticism is also very likely. This is seen as the ultimate terrorist act because it is genocide, not against a culture, but against an entire species. The article will also discuss how Homo Sapiens could defend themselves against this. Relating two species (systems), the Homo Sapiens and Superions constitutes metasystematic operations. Developing a system of discourse that would not destroy the Homo-sapiens requires paradigmatic operations (Sonnert and Commons, Individ Soc 4:31-35, 1994).
Using ideas from evolution and postformal stages of hierarchical complexity, a hypothetical scenario, premised on genetic engineering advances, portrays the development of a new humanoid species, Superions. How would Superions impact and treat current humans? If the Superion scenario came to pass, it would be the ultimate genocidal terrorism of eliminating an entire species, Homo Sapiens. We speculate about defenses Homo Sapiens might mount. The tasks to relate two species (systems) constitutes a postformal, Metasystematic task. Developing a system of discourse to prevent destruction requires postformal Paradigmaticstage tasks. Implications are twofold: species survival and sufficient evolution to survive.This article presents a hypothetical scenario in which a new humanoid species, which we will call Superions, is created, and eventually current human species, Homo Sapiens, dies out. Because the extinction would be caused by the creation and repercussions of Superions' existence, it could not be considered "natural" per se, but closer to species cleansing. Our purpose is to examine the processes and impacts that may come into play if a new species were genetically created from current humans. Creating life forms with particular characteristics is already taking place. As a result it seems likely in the near future that some scientists will begin to genetically engineer human beings with much more superior capacities than have yet been attempted. The scenario uses ideas from evolutionary psychology (Buss, 1999) and the Model of Hierarchical Complexity to project into the future these interesting challenges.
Using ideas from evolution and stages of development, as conceived by the Model of Hierarchical Complexity, a hypothetical scenario, premised on genetic engineering advances, portrays the development of a new humanoid species, Superions. If such a species of Superions were created, how would this impact current humans? If the Superion scenario came to pass, might this eliminate Homo Sapiens? This might happen not so much because Superions would plan to eliminate current humans, but it might be an inadvertent effect, in which new occupations and niches are created that Homo Sapiens does not fill as well. Our purpose is to examine the processes and impacts that may come into play if a new species were genetically created from current humans. In order to explicate how the two species might interact most effectively, we introduce the use of the Model of Hierarchical Complexity. The Model describes what underlies stages of development and in addition has elaborated on the idea of higher stages of development. As will be discussed, in Homo Sapiens, the mean stage is formal operations, a stage during which individuals are able to effectively deal with single-variable causal relationships. Only some humans (about 20%) reason at the Systematic stage, in which multiple interacting variable systems can be considered. Even fewer reason at higher stages called Metasystematic (comparing two or more systems) and Paradigmatic (inter-relating metasystems). In developing Superions, scientists would be assumed to bring about changes that would raise the effective mean stage of the new species. The mean stage of Superions might be Systematic or above. The paper discusses how a new species would apply systematic, metasystematic and paradigmatic stage problem solving to the issue of how to maintain the survival of Homo Sapiens.
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