In some areas of Estonia, groundwater contains a significant number of natural radionuclides, especially radium isotopes, which may cause radiation protection concern depending on the geological structure of the aquifer. Indeed, the parametric value of 0.1 mSv y⁻¹ for the total indicative dose established by European Directive 98/83/EC, adopted as a limit value in Estonian national legislation, is often exceeded. A Twinning Project between Estonia and Italy was carried out within the framework of the Estonian Transition Facility Programme, sponsored by the European Union. Its aims were to assess the radiological situation of Estonian groundwater and related health consequences. The first step was a study of Estonian aqueducts and the population served by them, and a thorough analysis of the radiological database for drinking water, from which the relevant effective doses for the population were obtained. Particular attention was devoted to doses to children and infants. Correlations between the chemical parameters were investigated, in order to suggest the best possible analytical approach. Lastly, a monitoring strategy, i.e. sampling points and sampling frequencies, was proposed.
This article reviews the nonparametric serial independence tests based on measures of divergence between densities. Among others, the well-known Kullback-Leibler, Hellinger and Tsallis divergences are analyzed. Moreover, the copulabased version of the considered divergence functionals is defined and taken into account. In order to implement serial independence tests based on these divergence functionals, it is necessary to choose a density estimation technique, a way to compute p-values and other settings. Via a wide simulation study, the performance of the serial independence tests arising from the adoption of the divergence functionals with different implementation is compared. Both single-lag and multiple-lag test procedures are investigated in order to find the best solutions in terms of size and power.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.