The estimation of rare, extreme environments from a relatively short oceanographic database is crucial to the calculation of loads and responses of offshore structures. A novel and consistent approach has been developed that makes use of a number of asymptotic properties of extremes. A storm can be adequately characterised by its most probable extreme wave or the resultant structural response. This allows us to treat storms, rather than sea states, as the essential random, independent events; to account correctly for uncertainty in the largest wave and structural response within a storm; and to deal with the uncertainty in the seventy of randomly arriving storms, including the rare storms that are more severe than those in the database. The method provides the long term load statistics essential to reliability analysis and to the calibration of environmental Ioad factors in design codes.We demonstrate the application of the method to the prediction of extreme waves, loads and "response based" environmental design conditions for a drag dominated structure in the North Sea.
The numerical simulation of nonisothermal effects during the filling stage of injection molding is investigated here. Generalized Newtonian fluid flows are simulated within thin cavities of arbitrary shape. The numerical scheme is based on a hybrid spatial discretization: classical low-order Lagrangian interpolants are used in the midsurface directions, while full polynomials constitute the approximation in the gapwise direction. Discrete equations are obtained by use of the Galerkin finite element method combined with a collocation procedure. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the fountain flow (occurring at the front) on the temperature field. A correct writing of the front thermal boundary condition is derived in agreement with the Hele-Shaw simplified form of the equations. Some illustrative results are presented.
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